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Pharmacology
Chapter 9 Drugs Used in Hormonal, Endocrine & Reproductive Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the control mechanisms of the endocrine system? | Feedback mechanism--plasma level of hormone controls activity of gland that produces it. Neurohormonal reflex--release of oxytocin by posterior pituitary. |
| List the endocrine glands. | Pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testicles, pancreas, kidneys |
| Give reasons why hormones are used clinically. | To correct a deficiency of that hormone; or to obtain a desired effect. |
| Describe the difference between an endogenous hormone and an exogenous hormone. | Endogenous hormones are produced naturally in the body; exogenous hormones are administered to an animal. |
| Describe the location & functions of the pituitary gland. | Located at the base of the brain ventral to hypothalamus; connected to brain by stalk. Anterior lobe secretes different trophic hormones (indirect-acting); posterior stores two hormones produced by hypothalamus (vasopressin, oxytocin); direct acting. |
| Differentiate between positive and negative feedback. | negative feedback--high plasma levels result in reduction of amount of hormone produced. positive feedback--low plasma levels result in increased production. |
| Describe a neurohormonal reflex. | Stimulation of udder by nursing calf or preparation for milking; stimulation of uterus & vagina in parturition; stimulation of cerebral cortex by sensory stimuli associated w/ nursing or milking |
| List the classes of gonadotropins. | gonadorelin (GnRH)-causes release of FSH & LH by anterior pituitary; chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)--secreted by uterus, treat cystic ovaries, cryptorchidism, infertility; FSH--growth & maturation of ovarian follicle. |
| What are estrogens used for in veterinary medicine? | treat persistent corpus luteum, expel purulent material from uterus, expel retained placentas and mummified fetuses, promote weight gain. Dogs--urinary incontinence; horses--induction of estrus |
| What are some reasons to use androgens in veterinary medicine? | promote tissue anabolism, weight gain, red blood cell formation; prevent estrus in adult female dogs; urinary incontinence in males. Ex. methyltestosterone, testosterone cypionate, mibolerone, |
| Provide examples and uses for progestins in veterinary medicine. | megestrol acetate--Dogs: control estrus, treat false pregnancy, vaginal hyperplasia, behavior (males); Cats: dermatologic & behavioral. altrenogest--suppress estrus in mares; maintain pregnancy melengestrol acetate--used in implants for weight gain |
| What are some uses of prostaglandins? | regulation of activity in and treatment of conditions of the female reproductive tract. Dinoprost tromethamine--estrus sync, pyometra, abortion. Cloprostenol sodium--luteal cysts, mummified fetuses, estrus sync, end pregnancy. |
| Describe uses of oxytocin for uterine contractility. | causes more forceful contractions to aid in delivery; reduce bleeding of uterus after delivery; uterine involution; dystocia (reproductive tract must be examined); single dose lasts 15 minutes. Ensure cervix dilated before administering. |
| What is ergot? | fungus that grows on rye grass/pasture grasses; ergonovine maleate produces uterine contractions with very little vasoconstrictive action. Not commonly used. |
| What substance can be used to induce parturition in the last trimester of pregnancy? | corticosteroids |
| What is a pheremone? Give an example. | Odor released by an animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same species. Ex. boar odor aerosol--used to detect heat in sows & gilts (spray at nostrils, if in heat she will demonstrate mating reflexes). |
| Describe the thyroid gland. | two lobes, one on each side of the trachea near the thyroid cartilage of larynx. Hormones control body temp, heart rate, skin condition, growth & development, metabolic rate, resistance to infection, metabolism of nutrients, etc. |
| What hormones are released by the thyroid gland? | T3-active form of thyroid hormone at cellular level; T4--some converted to T3 after release. |
| What are symptoms of hypothyroidism and how is it treated? | Lethargy, cold intolerance, dry haircoat, bradycardia. Treated by supplementing thyroid hormones on a daily basis, may require lifelong therapy even when symptoms resolve. |
| What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism and how is it treated? | weight loss, increased appetite, restlessness, hyperexcitability, tachycardia. Treated by destruction or removal of overproducing thyroid or by blocking hormone production to reduce level of hormones in blood. Drug therapy is continuous. |
| List two forms of spontaneous Cushing's syndrome. | Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)--most common; often occurs due to benign tumor of pituitary gland. Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH)--occurs due to tumor of one or both adrenal glands. both cause large amts of cortisol |
| List drugs used to treat Cushing's syndrome. | ketoconazole, metyrapone, mitotane (PDH; inhibits or destorys cortisol producing layers of adrenal gland); trilostane. |
| List the endogenous source of insulin & its metabolic effects. | The pancreas produces insulin. Causes a decrease in blood glucose levels; facilitates cellular uptake of glucose and storage as glycogen & fat. Promotes protein synthesis and synthesis of fatty acids & glycogen. Body can't use glucose without insulin. |
| List the classes of insulin products & their characteristics. | short-acting: clear solution of zinc insulin crystals; treat diabetic ketoacidosis to reduce blood levels. Intermediate: cloudy suspension of zinc insulin & protamine zinc; treat diabetes in dogs & cats; long: uncomplicated diabetes mellitus. |
| Describe method of action of growth promoters. | Increase water retention, increase protein synthesis, increase fat deposits, possible increase in release of growth hormone. |
| What are anabolic steroids used for in veterinary medicine? | anorexia, weight loss, debilitation, overwork/overtraining, anemia. |
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