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Pharmacology
Chapter 6 Drugs Used in Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the anatomic features of the urinary system. | Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder & a urethra. |
| Explain the basic functional unit of the kidney. | A nephron is the basic functional unit; it is made up of a glomerulus and a tubule, which help filter substances. |
| What is glomerular filtration? | Dissolved substances pass from plasma to the glomerular capsule. Amount filtered is related to effective filtration pressure. Changes in blood flow, blood pressure, osmotic pressure & capsule pressure affect filtration. |
| Describe tubular reabsorption. | Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate and reenter the plasma. |
| What is tubular secretion? | When substances are carried to the tubular lumen; rids the body of certain materials & helps control blood pH. |
| Explain diuretics and their purposes. | Diuretics remove excess extracellular fluid; they increase urine flow and sodium excretion which reduces hypertension. |
| What are cholinergic agents used for? | They promote the action of acetylcholine, which helps with muscle tone. |
| What are anticholinergic agents used for? | They block the action of acetylcholine; used for muscle relaxation. |
| What are adrenergic agents used for? | They disrupt the sympathetic nervous system by blocking impulse transmissions. Used to treat urinary retention; mild to moderate hypertension from chronic renal failture |
| What are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors used for? | Block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Treat heart failure; hypertension; chronic renal failure & protein-losing glomerulonephropathies. |
| Explain the use of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers. | Substituted for or used in combination with other medications for hypertension. Mostly used when hypertension doesn't respond to other treatment. |
| What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do? | Regulates fluid balance in the body. Can be used to treat diabetes insipidus. |
| What is the purpose of urinary acidifiers? | Acid urine helps dissolve & prevent formation of struvite uroliths in the urine. They are not routinely prescribed. |
| Explain the purpose of Xanthine oxidase inhibitors. | They decrease the production of uric acid; used in combination with a urate calculolytic diet to dissolve ammonium acid urate uroliths. |
| What are urinary alkalizers used for? | Management of ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate, and cystine urolithiasis. |
| How does renal dysfunction affect the metabolism of many drugs and their metabolites? | It can impair a drug's absorption from an administration site; affect distribution in the body; and affect elimination of the drug from the body. |
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