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Pharmacology
Chapter 4 Drugs Used in Nervous System Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the anatomy & physiology of the nervous system. | CNS: brain & spinal cord; control center. Peripheral: nerve processes; afferent-to CNS; efferent-from CNS. Somatic (voluntary); CNS to skeletal muscle. ANS (involuntary)-CNS to cardiac muscle, glands, smooth muscle. |
| Describe the functions of the ANS. | GI motility; rate & force of heartbeat; secretion by glands; sizes of pupils. |
| Explain the primary neurotransmitters of the ANS. | Two neurons carry impulses to target structures; preganglionic (cell arises in CNS); ganglion is where the neurons meet. Postganglionic travels to target. |
| What is the difference between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system? | They are opposites and bring about a state of balance. Sympathetic is fight-or-flight; parasympathetic is energy-conserving. |
| Describe how drugs affect the ANS. | They influence the chain of events involving neurotransmitters. Mimic neurotransmitters; interfere w/ neurotransmitter release; block attachment to receptors; interfere w/ breakdown or reuptake at synapse. |
| List the classes of ANS drugs. | Cholinergic & cholinergic blocking affect the parasympathetic system; adrenergic & adrenergic blocking affect the sympathetic system. |
| Explain the classes of barbiturates. | Long-acting (8-12 hours)--phenobarbital; prevent seizures. Class IV. Short-acting (45 min to 1.5 hrs)--pentobarbital sodium (IV); general anesthesia, prevent seizures, euthanasia. Class II. |
| What are the indications & precautions for using barbiturates? | Easy & cheap to administer; sedative, anticonvulsant. Potential for complications because they depress cardiac & pulmonary systems. Non reversible, must be metabolized by liver. Tissue necrosis if outside vein. |
| What is dissociative anesthesia? List three agents. | Causes catalepsy; increases muscle tone & pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes maintained. For restraint, diagnostic & minor surgery. Ketamine HCL; Tiletamine HCl; phencyclidine. |
| List the opiate receptors and their functions. | Mu--pain regulating areas of brain; analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, hypothermia. Kappa--cerebral cortex & spinal cord; analgesia, sedation, miosis. Sigma--struggling, whining, hallucinations, mydriasis. Delta--mod mu |
| List indications for use of narcotics. | relief of colic pain in horses; restraint/capture of wild animals; antitussive for cough; diarrhea; c-section; in combo w/ tranquilizers or alone as anesthetics for surgical procedures. |
| List potential side effects of narcotic use or overdose. | Panting, respiratory depression; defecation, flatulence, vomiting; sound sensitivity. |
| Describe how opioid antagonists exert their effects. | They block the effect of opioids by binding with receptors, displacing narcotic molecules already present; prevent further narcotic binding at the sites. |
| List examples of opiod antagonists. | Naloxone--few adverse effects; nalorphine--may cause respiratory depression/analgesic effects; butorphanol--rarely used as antagonist. |
| Define neuroleptanalgesic and give an example. | Combination of an opioid and a tranquilizer; used as an anesthetic. Examples--acepromazine & morphine. |
| List examples of drugs used to control seizures. | Diazepam (Valium)--by IV; 3-4 hr duration. Pentobarbital--by IV; 1-3 hr duration. Primidone--dogs & cats, similar to pentobarbital; use in cats controversial. |
| What is MAC? | minimum alveolar concentration. Measure of potency; the amount that prevents gross purposeful movement in 50% of patients in response to a stimulus. Lower # is more potent; values vary between species. |
| What is vapor pressure? | How volatile an agent is. Higher # = greater volatility & indicates the need for a precise vaporizer. |
| List commonly used inhalant anesthetics. | isoflurane, sevoflurane, halothane, methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide (cannot produce general anesthesia by itself). |
| What are the primary uses of CNS stimulants? | To treat respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. |
| List drugs used in behavioral pharmacotherapy. | antianxiety medications--benzodiazepine; antidepressants--tricyclics, serotonin inhibitors, MAOIs; miscellaneous agents--gabapentin, clorazepate, methlyphenidate. |
| Describe the characteristics of a good euthanasia agent. | Rapidly produce unconsciousness without struggling; cessation of all vital functions; rapid death. |
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kidtaxi9
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