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Pharmacology
Chapter 1 General Pharmacology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| List common sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine. | Plants, animals, minerals, synthetics (lab-created) |
| Binder | holds a tablet together. Examples--cellulose, lactose, methylcellulose, starch, sorbitol, xylitol, etc. |
| coating | protects tablet from breaking, absorbing moisture, & early disintegration. Examples--beeswax, carob extract, methylcellulose, cellulose acetate, acrylic resin. |
| coloring agents | provide color & enhance appearance. Examples--Yellow No. 5, annatto, caramel color, titanium oxide, FD&C Blue No 1, FD&C Red No 3, etc. |
| disintegrants | expand when exposed to liquid, allowing tablets and capsules to dissolve and disperse their active ingredients. Examples--cellulose products, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, starch. |
| emulsifiers | allow fat-soluble & water soluble agents to mix so they don't separate. Examples--stearic acid, xanthan gum, lethicin, vegetable oils. |
| fillers/diluents | increase bulk/volume. Examples--calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, cellulose lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, sucrose, vegetable oils. |
| flavor agents | create a desired taste or mask an undesirable taste. Examples--beeswax, carob extract, glyceryl triacetate, natural orange. |
| flow agents | prevent powders from sticking together. examples--calcium stearate, glyceryl triacetate, polyethylene glycol, silica, sodium benzoate, talc. |
| humectants | Hold moisture in a product. Examples--glycerin, glycerol, glycerol triacetate, sorbitol. |
| preservatives | prevent degradation and extend the shelf life of a product. Examples--citric acid, glycerol, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, etc. |
| sweetening agents | improve taste. examples--aspartate, fructose, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, xylitol. |
| thickening agents | increase the viscosity of a product. Examples--methylcellulose, povidone, sorbitol, etc. |
| Outline the basic principles of pharmacotherapeutics. | Drug selection methods are diagnostic (assessment of patient); empirical (practical experience, common sense); and symptomatic (no specific diagnosis). A regimen is created which includes the route, dose, frequency and duration |
| What is the difference between prescription and OTC drugs? | Prescription drugs have potential toxic effects and must be administered under the supervision of trained personnel. OTC drugs may be purchased without a prescription. |
| Describe the oral route of administration. | Directly into the mouth or via tube (oral/nasal); longer lasting effect of drugs; slow rate of onset. Not for animals that are vomiting or have diarrhea. |
| List the parenteral routes of administration. | IV, IM, SC, ID, IP, IA, intraarticular (joints), intracardiac, intramedullary(bone marrow), epidural/subdural (spinal anesthesia). |
| Describe the inhalant route of administration. | Convert liquid to gaseous form through use of vaporizer/nebulizer. For anesthetics, antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytics. |
| Describe topical administration of drugs. | placed on skin or mucous membranes. Absorbed more slowly thru skin than other membranes. routes include sublingual (oral cavity), rectum (suppositories), uterus, vagina, mammary glands, eyes & ears. Transdermal patch applied to skin --direct to blood. |
| List the chemical reactions involved in biotransformation (metabolism). | Phase I reactions: Oxidation--loss of electrons; reduction--gain of electrons; hydrolysis--split drug molecule & add water molecule to each portion. Phase II reaction: conjugation--addition that causes water solubility. Drugs can go thru both or II. |
| List the routes of drug excretion. | Most drugs metabolized by liver, eliminated by kidneys. Other routes: bile of liver, mammary glands, lungs, intestinal tract, sweat glands, skin. Kidneys excrete by glomerular filtration or tubular secretion. |
| What is glomerular filtration? | Glomerulus and tubule make up a nephron; the glomerulus is like a sieve that filters drug molecules from blood into glomerular filtrate (urine). |
| What is tubular secretion? | Metabolites are screened from capillaries that surround the tubule and moved into the glomerular filtrate. |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | The mechanisms by which drugs produce their effects in the body. |
| Discuss the mechanisms of drug interactions. | Pharmacokinetic--drug in tissue altered by presence of another drug. Pharmacodynamic--action of one drug affected by another. pharmaceutic--physical or chemical reactions take place |
| List the different types of drug names. | Chemical name--describes molecular structure; code or lab name; compendial name--in USP; official name--same as compendial or generic; proprietary/trade name--copyrighted by company; generic name--chosen by company, can be same as compendial/official. |
| List items that should be on a drug label. | Drug names (generic & trade); concentration & total quantity; name & address of mfr; controlled substance status; control/lot #; expiration date; storage instructions; OPTIONAL: NDC #. |
| List the steps to approval of a new drug. | Preliminary trials; preclinical (animal safety) trials; clinical trials; submit New Animal Drug Application; Final Review; Product Monitoring; Green Book. |
| List the government agencies involved in regulating animal health products. | EPA (topical pesticides); FDA (drugs & feed additives); USDA (drugs involving biologics); DEA (controlled substances). |
| Why would a veterinarian dispense rather than prescribe medications? | Veterinary medicines may not be readily available to the client in the correct dosage form from a human pharmacy; it also allows the veterinarian to make some money from the sale of medications. |
| List the primary methods of drug marketing. | Direct from manufacturer (telephone or mail); sales representatives; distributors (wholesale); generic drug companies; large pharmaceutical companies; internet pharmacies. |
| List the six basic practices for safe drug disposal. | Incinerate when possible; send unused drugs to landfill; never flush down toilet or drain; Keep close control of inventory; follow federal & state guidelines. |
Created by:
kidtaxi9
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