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Sm Animal Medicine I
Final Review - Spring Quarter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which amino acid do cats require in their diet to prevent dilated cardiomyopathy? | Taurine |
| When monitoring vital signs in a dog, you recognize a pulse deficit. This means: | Some heart beats are not causing blood to move through the body. |
| Heart murmurs are caused by: | turbulent blood flow in the heart. |
| During the EKG, the P wave represents: | atrial contraction |
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is (4): | Caused by hyperthyroidism. Inherited in some breeds of cats. Is a risk for thromboembolism. |
| Myocarditis may be caused by (3): | Infections (example: Lyme Disease). Toxins (example: Tetanus) Trauma to the chest. |
| Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) may be caused by: | Electrolyte Abnormalities. |
| Mitral Valve Insufficiency may (3): | Cause a heart murmur. Lead to left-sided heart failure. Be caused by chronic dental disease. |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy: | may be inherited in dogs. |
| Name four possible clinical signs (evident on physical exam or history)(not a test or image) of cardiovascular disease in the dog or cat (4): | Exercise Intolerance. Tachypnea (rapid breathing). Acute Bilateral Paralysis (cat). *Dysnea/cough, Syncope. |
| Name a possible cause of circulatory (vascular) failure. | Hypovolemia (Fluid Overload) |
| In any DVM SOAP.... what are the three parts of the plan? | Diagnosis (Dx). Treatment (Tx) Frequency + Duration. Client Education (CE) |
| What one bacteria may be a cause of Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough). | Bordetella |
| The "reverse sneeze" is: | An episodic honking nasal noise. |
| Regarding upper respiratory infections (URI or FURD) in the cat. | Suspect animals should always be handled with Quarantine Procedures. |
| What best describes a transudate pleural effusion? | Serum |
| Regarding pneumonia in an adult dog: | it is a rare primary disease and an underlying cause should be sought. |
| What are three clinical signs for Calicivirus infection in the cat (3)? | Fever. Oral Ulcers. Lameness. |
| Ascarid migration through the lung is a common cause of lung disease in puppies. | True |
| A pulse oximetry reading of 90% hemoglobin saturation is an acceptable (normal reading). | False |
| True or False: Gas exchange with the capillaries occurs in the bronchioles. | False |
| Pulmonary edema may be caused by heart failure, electrocution, drowning vasculitis, or hypoalbuminemia. | True |
| True or False: Epistaxis (nasal bleeding) is a common sign of nasal tumors. | True |
| Respiratory rate can affect blood pH of a patient quickly (within minutes). | True |
| True or False: Tracheal Collapse is a disease caused by trauma to the throat. | False |
| True or False: because viruses die quickly outside of the body, URIs of cats can NOT be transmitted on human hands. | False |
| True or False: Laryngitis causing change of voice can be a clinical sign of rabies virus. | True |
| True or False: The most common cause of sinusitis in the dog is tooth root infection. | True |
| True or False: Nasal discharge samples are an excellent source of accurate bacterial culture to evaluate respiratory (lung) disease. | False |
| Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough) of the dog can be caused by (3): | Adenovirus, Parainfluenza, Distemper Virus |
| List three clinical signs of Respiratory Distress (any species): | Wheezing on Expiration or inhalation (with salivation or open-mouthed breathing). Dyspnea (neck down and extended away from the body. Tachypnea/Bradypnea. |
| Name three possible causes of a "failure to read" or inaccurate pulse oximetry measurements. | Bright overhead lights. Hypotension/hypothermia. Poor contact/dry leads. |
| Describe three supportive care procedures for a cat with upper respiratory infection (URI or FURD): | Decrease stress. Heat food or Assisted Feeding in Anorexic. Decongestants or Vaporizers/Nebulizers. |
| Describe why the technique of Nebulize and Coupage (Percussive Therapy) is done: | To break up congestion of fluids in the thoracic cavity to encourage cough (and expelling of fluids from the body). Ease breathing difficulty and make the animal more comfortable. |
| Clinical signs of esophageal disease include: | Regurgitation and cough after eating or drinking. |
| Common etiologies (causes) for gastric ulcers in dogs and cats include (3): | NSAID medications. Neoplasia. Hepatic disease. |
| Supportive care for mild acute gastritis (vomiting less than 3 times a day) should include (3): | NPO for 12 hours, then water only for 24 hours. When feeding: small bland meals 3-4 times a day. Hydration therapy. |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease may be triggered by (3): | Hereditary Disease. Viral and Bacterial Infection. Food Allergies. |
| Abnormal neurological signs associated with a high-protein meal may indicate: | Portosystemic Shunt (liver) |
| Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver) in cats is caused by: | Anorexia (especially in obese cats) |
| True or False: If a dog recovers from Parvovirus, it will be contagious for at lease 6 weeks, even if vomiting and diarrhea have resolved. | True |
| True or false: Intussusception is the telescoping of one bowel loop into another resulting in intestinal obstruction. | True |
| True or false: One should never fast an animal (remove food) that has diarrhea (even if water is provided). | False |
| If an animal has diarrhea and one fecal flotation is performed (results negative), then it definitely does not have a GI parasite. | False |
| True or False: Surgical procedures of the esophagus are easy to perform and have low complication rates. | False. Stricture is a common complication. |
| True or False: Perianal Fistula is caused by a primary bacterial infection and is easily treated with antibiotics. | False. (Autoimmune) |
| True or False: Megacolon is a motility dysfunction of the colon, allowing large quantities of feces to collect in the body. | True |
| True or False: Radiographs are not helpful in the evaluation of liver disease. | False |
| True or False: If blood ALT, AST, and AP values are normal, then the animal can not have liver disease. | False |
| True or False: A fecal score of 7/7 indicates a watery fecal material that occurs in a puddle. | True |
| Name three characteristics of vomiting: | Retching. Digested Food. Bile in emesis. |
| Name three characteristics of regurgitation: | Lack of retching. Undigested food. Foamy white emesis. |
| Name three techniques that are part of Isolation (Quarantine) Procedures at a Veterinary clinic. | Separate dedicated room. Bleach bin outside entrance to disinfect boots/shoes in/out of isolation. Dedicated supplies & equipment stay in isolation once in. |
| List three characteristics of small bowel diarrhea: | Large quantities. Occasionally throughout the day. Increased digestive sounds. |
| List three characteristics of large bowel diarrhea: | Small quantities. Frequently throughout the day. Can have mucus. |
| Which hormone produced by the kidneys regulates red cell production? | Erythropoeitin |
| What is the cause of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis? | It is unknown. |
| Struvite crystal urolith appearance is: | It is not possible to determine stone type accurately by appearance. |
| Isosthenuria is a specific gravity (sp. gr.) of: | 1.010 - 1.012 |
| The most common cause of urinary incontinence in dogs is: | Low estrogen levels in females. |
| The most important therapy to prevent urolith formation in cats is: | |
| Urethral obstruction (list three facts to know): | May be fatal within 3 days (uncorrected). May be confused with constipation by the owners. May cause renal failure. |
| The kidney and ureters are part of the: upper urinary tract. | upper urinary tract. |
| Potential toxins to the kidneys include (2): | Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze). Heavy metals (i.e. Zinc). |
| Glomerulonephritis might be caused by (3): | Bacterial infection. Immune-Mediated Disease. Toxins. |
| Ventroflexion is: | Profound weakness of the neck caused by hypokalemia. (low potassium important for nerve and muscle) |
| A life-threatening condition in which no urine is being produced is called: | Anuria |
| Bloody urine is medically termed: | Hematuria |
| The kidneys lie in the ___ space (cavity). | Retroperitoneal |
| List three common clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in the dog or cat. | Straining to urinate. Hematuria. Inappropriate urination (micturition)(not in normal locations). |
| List three common clinical signs of upper urinary tract disease in the dog and cat. | PU/PD: Polyuria/Polydipsia. Fever. Kidney pain or enlargement. |
| List three appropriate therapeutic steps for Acute Renal Failure/Disease: | Low protein diet. I.V. Fluids. Medication for pain and nausea. |
| Name two common secondary problems (consequences) of Chronic Renal (Kidney) disease: | Anemia. Neurological signs. Ulcers. |
| List three common tests to evaluate for renal disease: | Urinalysis (specific gravity, chemistry, WBC count, and culture). Ultrasound. Biopsy) |
| Euthyroid Sick is characterized by: | Low T4 levels as a normal physiologic response to illness. |
| Regarding type II diabetes: Most common in? Dysfunction? One major predisposing risk factor? | It is the most common form of diabetes in cats. Insulin is made, but tissues/cells are insensitive to action. Obesity is a major predisposing risk factor. |
| What is the best treatment for Insulin overdose? | Feed the animal immediately (when possible). |
| Hypothyroidism is treated by: | Life long medication |
| Diabetes mellitus in the dog is diagnosed by: | Together: High blood glucose and High urine glucose. |
| Diabetes ketoacidosis is a ___ ___ condition if untreated. Causes (2)? | rapidly fatal. Causes: low blood pH. Ketones in the urine. |
| Animals with Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) may demonstrate: | Panting. Pot-bellied appearance. PU/PD: Polyuria/Polydipsia. |
| Diabetes mellitus in dogs is treated with (3): | Insulin injections. Complex Carbohydrate (High fiber) diet. Consistent exercise. |
| The test of choice to identify Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease): | ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic) stimulation test |
| Diabetes mellitus in cats is treated with: | Insulin injections. High fiber or high protein diets. Consistent exercise. |
| The most common cause of Cushing's Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism) in dogs is: | Pituitary tumor |
| Hypothyroidism is most accurately diagnosed with (3): | Blood T4 levels. Blood fT4 levels. Blood TSH levels. |
| Hyporadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease) may present with clinical signs of (6): | weakness and bradycardia. Intermittent vomiting and diarrhea. Acute collapse/dehydration. |
| Hyperthyroidism is treated by (3): | Radioactive Iodine. Surgery to remove thyroid tumor. Life-long medication. |
| Hyperadrenocorticism What causes Iatrogenic Cushing's Disease? | Prednisone use |
| Hyperadrenocorticism The test of choice for Cushing's Disease is: | LDDS test (Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test) |
| What are the major organs of the Endocrine System (8): | Hypothalamus. Pituitary Gland. Thyroid. Parathyroid. Pineal body. Adrenals. Testes. Ovaries. |
| List three characteristics of Endocrine Alopecia: | Rat tail. Symmetrical Bilateral Flank Alopecia (hair loss). Loss of curl (ex: Poodles) |
| List three clinical signs of Hyperthyroidism in the cat: | Weight loss w/ increase appetite. Thyroid nodule. Behavioral changes (unkept,unkempt/vocal changes). |
| List two clinical signs of Hypoglycemia: | Weakness/Lethargy & Disorientation |
| List one goal of treating a patient diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus. | Reaching a maintenance dose of insulin to keep their blood sugar between 100 - 300 mg/dL along with controlled weight loss if needed. |
Created by:
Raevyn1
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