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Laboratory Sciences
Notes from WISC-Online Hematology Review/Textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neutrophil Description: | Medium-sized mature WBC (leukocyte). 3 - 5 lobed nucleus stains purple. Cytoplasm contains small, lilac staining granules. About 4 RBCs in size. Make up about 70% of WBC. |
| Neutrophil Function: | Fights infections by internalizing microorganisms (phagocytosis) for destruction. Numbers are increased in animals with bacterial infections. |
| Eosinophil Description: | Contains large red-orange granules in cytoplasm. Blue-segmented nucleus made up 2 - 3 lobes. 2-4% of all WBCs. 10 - 12 µm. About 3 times the size of RBCs. |
| Eosinophil Function: | Attempt to suppress inflammatory tissue reactions, increased in animals with parasitic infections and allergies. |
| Basophil Description: | Large, deep bluish purple granules in cytoplasm. Blue, bilobed nucleus. 8 - 10 µm. 0.5 - 1% of all WBCs. |
| Basophil Function: | Plays a role in acute and delayed allergic reactions; least numerous of WBCs. They exit capillaries and enter tissue fluids where they release heparin, histamine, and serotonin during hypersensitivity reactions to stimulate inflammation. |
| Monocytes: Description: | Largest peripheral WBC. 12 - 24 μm. Convoluted nucleus (kidney shaped). Blue-gray cytoplasm that may contain vacuoles. 3-8% of all WBCs. |
| Monocytes: Function: | Most important phagocytic cell. When stimulated they enlarge and transform into macrophages that leave the blood to enter tissue and clean up cellular debris and microbes after infection. They are slow to respond but arrive in large numbers. |
| Lymphocytes: Description: | Smallest peripheral WBC. Round blue nucleus rimmed by light blue cytoplasm. Small 6 - 9 µm and large 10 - 14 µm. 20-25% of all WBCs. |
| Lymphocytes: Function: | Regulates immune system. T cells destroy the body's own cells that have themselves been taken over by viruses or become cancerous. The B cells produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Natural Killer cells. |
| Erythrocyte: Description: | Biconcave disc. 6 - 8 µm. Stains pinkish/red. |
| Erythrocyte: Function: | Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. The interior of the RBC is filled with Hemoglobin (Hgb), a protein that functions primarily to carry O2. |
| Thrombocytes Description: | Tiny blue cell fragment. 1.5 - 4 µm. No nucleus but many vesicles. 5 - 9 day life span. |
| Thrombocytes Function: | Plays a role in blood coagulation. Plug small holes in vessels and stop bleeding. |
| hematopoiesis | The production of blood cells and platelets. |
| thrombocytes | platelets |
| agranulocytes | Lymphocytes and Monocytes. These cells may sometimes contain granules, but only in very small number. |
| granulocytes | Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The granulocytes are also commonly referred to as polymorphonucleur leukocytes (PMNs), a term that refers to the segmentation or lobulation of the nucleus. |
| erythropoiesis | the production of erythrocytes |
| leukopoiesis | the production of leukocytes |
| pluripotent stem cell | Capable of developing into various types of cells. Regeneration is possible. The number of these cells in bone marrow is constant but small. |
| erythropoietin | The primary cytokine responsible for the production of RBCs. It predominantly produced by certain cells in the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen tension in the blood. It is involved in the stimulation of RBC production. |
| True or false: Nuclear segmentation is less prominent in birds and reptiles. | True |
| Neutrophil Life span | 4-6 hours |
| Eosinophil Life span | 30 minutes |
| Basophil Life span | 4-6 hours |
| Monocyte Life span | 2-3 days |
| Lymphocyte Life span | months to years |
| Erythrocytes Life span | 2-5 months |
| 4-6 days | |
| progenitor | A biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. |
| cytokines | Small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. |
| myeloid | Relating to bone marrow. Relating to the spinal cord. |
| thrombopoietin | Primarily produced in liver endothelial cells, but it is also released from cells in the kidneys and other sites. Hormone stimulus for production of platelets. |
| Platelets are fragments of the cytoplasm of ______? | megakaryocytes |
| Band cells | Have horseshoe shaped nuclei with parallel sides. |
| -penia | decrease number of cells in the blood. Example: neutropenia (refers to a decreased number of neutrophils in the blood.) |
| Lymphopenia | Describes decreased numbers of lymphocytes in the blood. |
| pancytopenia | Refers to a decrease in the number of ALL blood types. |
| -philia or cytosis | increased number of cells in the blood. Example: Neutrophilia (increased numbers of neutrophils in the blood) |
| Leukocytosis | Refers to increased numbers of leukocytes in the blood. |
| Left shift | Increased numbers of immature neutrophils in the blood. |
| Leukemia | Neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow. |
| Leukemoid response | Condition that can be mistaken for leukemia. The result of an inflammatory disease characterized by leukocytosis (increased numbers of white blood cells). |
| Vacutainer | The preferred method of blood collection. Composed of a needle (with a sheathed end), needle holder, and collection tubes. |
| anticoagulants | Used to prevent blood clots in collection tubes and given to animals at high risk of getting clots, to reduce their chances of developing strokes/heart attacks. A blood clot is a seal created by the blood to stop bleeding from wounds. |
| Plasma | The fluid portion of whole blood in which the cells are suspended. 90% water and 10% dissolved constituents: proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, lipids, salts, waste materials, antibodies and other ions and molecules. |
| Serum | Plasma from which fibrinogen, a plasma protein, has been removed. |
| Citrate (blue top) | Anticoagulant available as sodium or lithium salts. Preferred for coagulation testing. |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) | Preferred anticoagulant for hematologic (hematology) studies, because it doesn't alter cell morphology when used in proper ratio for samples to be analyzed soon after collection. *It shouldn't be used if the plasma samples are for chemical assays.* |
| Heparin | Suitable for most tests that require plasma samples, particularly blood chemistry analyses. Not suitable for analyses of WBC morphology. It causes clumping of WBCs and platelets and interferes with normal staining pattern of WBC. |
| Oxalate | Anticoagulant available as sodium, potassium, ammonium, or lithium salts. |
| Sodium fluoride | Best known as a glucose preservative also has anticoagulant properties. Sodium fluoride interferes with many of the enzymatic tests performed on blood serum. |
| True or false: Venous blood is preferred for most blood cell testing. | True |
| Hemolysis | the rupture or destruction of red blood cells. |
| True or false: Blood samples that will not be evaluated within one hour should be refrigerated. | True, but samples need to be returned to room temperature and gently inverted before analysis. |
| Order of Draw? | Red Top -> Tiger Top -> EDTA (Lavender top) -> Heparin (Green top) |
| Anemia | Refers to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, usually as a result of decreased numbers of circulating RBC. |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | A blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. This test measures several components and features of your blood, including: RBC and WBC. |
| Histogram | |
| Impedance analyzer | |
| Laser flow cytometry | |
| Neubauer rulings | |
| Polycythemia | |
| Quantitative buffy coat analysis | |
| Red cell distribution width | |
| polycythemia or erythrocytosis | An increased number of circulating red blood cells, which is usually accompanied by increased packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration. |
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Raevyn1
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