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Microbiology 1
Microbiology: Introduction and Immune system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Robert Hooke | 1664, He discovered fungi |
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek | 1684, Discovered Bacteria _ made a 300x lens |
| Edward Jenner | 1796, developed the first vaccine - against variola-smallpox |
| Robert Koch | 1800s, M.Tuberculis - Germ theory of disease |
| Yersin | 19th, Plague |
| Normal flora = microbiota | Communities of organisms will live in/on different areas of the body |
| CNS | A part of Nervous System, is made up of brain and the spinal cord |
| Host | Organism that harbors a pathogen. Usually is the human body |
| Pathogen | A micro capable of causing host damage. It lives in the host. Very few microorganisms are... |
| Opportunistic pathogen | A microorganism that is not harmful in normal conditions. Some of them are normal flora. They can cause disease only if they are introduced into unprotected sites or if a host’s immune system is defective |
| Pathogenicity | The capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host. The microorganism may be either pathogen or not pathogen |
| Virulence | The relative capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host. This is a quantitative measurement: It is a measurement os the degree os pathogenicity of a microorganism. How much dangerous the pathogen is. The pathogen is more pathogen or non-pathogen |
| Classify all living organisms | Doman _ Kingdom _ Phylum _ Class _ Order _ Family _ Genus _ Species |
| Virulence factor | A component (molecule, structure) of a pathogen that harms the host. A pathogen is more virulent if it contains more virulence factors. _ Toxin _ Adhesins _ Invasins |
| Toxigenicity | Ability of a microbe of producing chemical substances that alter the normal funtion of host cells with harmful effects (toxin: It is also virulence factor) |
| Local infection | Infection that is limited to a specific body area |
| Systemic infection | Infection that gas spread to the whole body |
| Nosocomial infection | Infection acquired at a health-care facility (hospital,....) |
| Exposure | The contact of s host with a microorganism |
| Incubation period | Time between entrance and the beginning of symptoms. Very variable |
| Infection | Acquisition of a microbe by a host, usually followed my multiplication. It is a strong response may produce damage. |
| Colonization | A state of infection. There is damage from none to great. As damage increases, the host immune system start working and it can eliminate or retain the microbe. Damage may progress further. |
| Commensalism | A state of infection. It results in either no damage or clinically unapparent damage, through it can produce an immune response. |
| Latency | A state of infection. The microbe remains present but inactive (like "sleeping") in a host for an undetermined period of time. Host damage exists, but it is not associated with clinical disease. How ever, "latent" microbe can "wake up" and cause disease |
| Infection disease | The clinical manifestation of damage that results from a host-microbe interaction |
| Exogenous | From a source outside the body |
| Endogenous | The microorganism already exists in the body |
| Adhesion = Adherence = Attachment | The process by which microbes stick to the surface of host cells. After microbes have entered the body. It is dependent on binding between specific molecules on both the host and pathogen. And it is a kind of virulence factor |
| Invasiveness | Ability of pathogen to enter into host cells or tissues, spread and cause disease. Initiated by adhesins and cause by lytic substances (invasins - also virulence factor) |
| Host damage | Cause by: _Microorganism abilities: ( Invasiveness & Toxigenicity) _ Host response |
| Treatment: Antimicrobial treatment | Usually done with antimicrobial, but other measure are sometimes useful. Used for patient |
| Prophylaxis | Also Prevention : For some infection disease, we can also prevent the development of disease once the human is infected. This usually done with Antimicrobials _ Pre-exposure prophylaxis _ Post-exposure prophylaxis |
| Pre-exposure prophylaxis | Prevention of infection, before the individual is exposed to the pathogen. Usually done with "active immunization" (vaccination), but other measure are sometimes useful |
| Post-exposure prophylaxis | Prevention of infection, once the individual has been already exposed to the pathogen. some time done with Antimicrobial. Other time, vaccination or "pasive immunization" may be useful |
| Define The Immune system | Collection of all cells & molecules responsible for immunity. _ Defense against pathogen: Respond, recognize, Eliminate _ 2 types _ Not usually react against individual own (self) antigens & tissues => Stime, the responses happen even non-infection |
| Rejection of transplants | The immune system has problem, recognizes and responds to tissue grafts |
| Generative | Relating to or capable of production or reproduction |
| Generative lymphoid organs | Also Primary or central lymphoid organs: _ Bone marrow _ Thymus |
| Peripheral lymphoid organs | Also Secondary lymphoid organs _ Lympho notes _ Spleen _ Mucosal & cutaneous immune systems + Tonsils in the nasopharynx + Peyer's patcher in the small intestine |
| Innate immune response | Early reaction: - Not require prior exposure to the microbe - Limit the spread of a pathogen - Moderately efficient - No immunology memory - Self-tolerance - Non-specific - Response combat microbes: + Inflammation + Antiviral response |
| No Immunologic memory | Its response is the same on repeated exposure to the same pathogen |
| Self-tolerance | = non reactive to self: There is no response against self antigen (in normal conditions) and just only respond against Foreign antigens |
| Non-specific | It uses a limited number of receptors (PRRs) to recognized pathogens (PAMPs) It also recognizes DAMPs by damaged host cell and activate the immune system by interacting with pattern recognition PRRs |
| PRRs | Pattern Recognition Receptors : The limited receptors are used to recognize PAMPs |
| PAMPs | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns: The same molecules share by different microorganism which is pathogenicity and recognized by PRRs. |
| Inflammation | One of two main reactions of Immune system respones combats microbes by recruiting Phagocyte and other Leukocytes to destroy the microbes |
| Antiviral response | One of two main reactions of Immune system respones combats microbes by blocking viral replication or killing virus-infected cells |
| Phagocyte | A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria, other small cells and particles. Cellular component of Innate immune system. |
| Leukocyte | A white (blood) cell, colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease |
| Adaptive immune system | Need ~10 days to develop in the primary (first) response - Mediated by Lymphocytes & their products - Specific: individual antigen - Self-tolerance - Has immunologic memory - 2 type of adaptive response +Cellular immune rp +Humoral immune rp |
| Specific | The antigen receptor expressed by a particular lymphocyte in different from that of all other lymphocytes |
| Immunologic memory | The immune system improves upon repeated exposure to the same microbe. More effective defense |
| Cellular immune response | One of two types of adaptive immune system to response microbes by (mediated by) T-Cells |
| Humoral immune response | One of two types of adaptive immune system to response microbes by (mediated by) molecules called Antibodies, which are produced by B-cells |
| T-cells = T Lymphocytes | - They have the TCR on the cell membrane - Thymocytes are part of the Adaptive Immune System and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. - They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer |
| Antibodies = Immunoglobulin (Ig) | They are proteins produced and secreted by B-cells, which bind to foreign substances (pathogens..) that invade the body - 2 types +Free antibodies +BCR = In the B-cell membrane - It can recognize any kind of antigen (protein, ..) or free antigen |
| Type of Immune system | The immune system has 2 types - Innate immune system - Adaptive immune system => Both start at the same time, but the adaptive immune system is slower Both has The Complement System Both are complementary and cooperate with each other |
| DAMPs | Damage-associated molecular patterns. The molecules are produced by damaged host cells and activate the immune system by interacting with pattern recognition PRRs |
| Dendritic cells (DCs) = Accessory cells | They are antigen-presenting cells of the mammalian immune system Main function is to process antigen material & present it on the cell surface to the T-cells of the immune System They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. |
| Mast cells = Mastocyte = Labrocyte | A migrant cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine & heparin It is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a cellular component of the immune and neuroimmune systems Best known for their role in al |
| B-cells | They have BCR on the cell membrane. They are cellular component at the central of Adaptive immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific Ig (antibodies) directed against invasive pathogens |
| NK cells | Natural killer-cell is a type of Lymphocyte (white blood cell), a part of innate immune system. |
| Lymphocytes | One of the body's main immune cells bcz they r the only one can recognize antigen specifically by specific receptors in their cell membrane +T-cells +B-cells _They r white blood cells and made in the bone marrow, found in blood stream and lymph tissue. |
| The complement system = Complement Cascade | It is a part of the immune system that made up of distinct plasma protein. It enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damage cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane |
| ILs | Interleukins are cytokines that regulate inflammatory and immune responses and are know to have antitumor properties via direct tumoricidal effects or positive modulation of the endogenous immune system. Some have had in Adaptive system |
| Name of bacterium : Escherichia Coli | Escherichia : Genus Coli: Species |
| Haematopoiesis = Hematopoiesis | Haematogenesis: _ Self-renewing stem cell => Pluripotent stem cell => _ Lymphoid progenitor: B-cells , T-cells, NK cells _ Myeloid progenitor |
| Myeloid Progenitor | There is a cell that gives rise to: _ CFU-E _ Megakaryocyte _ Basophil CFU _ Eosinophil CFU _ Granulocyte-monocyte CFU |
| CFU-E | Colony Forming Unit-Erythroid. It is a stage after the BRU-E which is smaller, is the stage right before hemoglobin production begins. It will be come Erythrocytes |
| Megakaryocyte | Large-nucleus cells. It is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes, which are necessary for normal blood clotting. It will be become Platelets |
| Basophil CFU | It will be become Basophils |
| Eosinophil CFU | It will be become Eosinophils |
| Granulocyte-Monocyte CFU | It can be become Neutrophils, Dendritic cells or Monocytes, which can be become Dendritic or Macrophage |
| Basophils | A type of white blood cell _Though the least common type (.5-1% ), the largest type of granulocyte _They r responsible for inflammatory reactions in acute or chronic allergic diseases _Produce histamine, serotonin and heparin (<in mast cell granules) |
| Eosinophils = Eosinophiles = Acidophils | A variety of white blood cells _With mast cells & basophils, control mechanisms associated with allergy & asthma _They are granulocyte that develop during hematopoiesis ( bone marrow) -> migrating into blood -> terminally differentiated _Dont multiply. |
| Neutrophils = Neutrocyte | - The most abundant type of granulocyte and the most abundant (60% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals. - They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in different animals. |
| Monocytes | They can be become Dendritic or Macrophage |
| Recognition of molecules by the Innate Immune system | The Immune system respone starts as soon as recognizes molecules (structure are PAMPs or DAMPs) which released from Microorganism or from damaged host cell on their own surface; infected-cell surface or as part of products they synthesizes and. |
| Synthesizes | Make sth by synthesis, especially chemically. |
| Damage cells | They are Damage host cells or death cells: which was infected will produce DAMPs only which was not infected will produce PAMPs and DAMPs |
| Recognition of molecules by the Adaptive Immune system | The adaptive immune system recognizes Antigen from microorganisms |
| Antibody generator = Antigens | They are specific molecule (usually foreign) which recognized by a specific antigen receptor in the Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. An antigen maybe composed of many antigentic Epitopes |
| Epitopes | The parts of such antigens that are specifically recognized by individual lymphocytes. Multiple epitopes are usually found on the same antigen |
| Multiple | An adjective that having or involving several parts, elements or members |
| TCR | T-cell-receptor is an Ig, which only found in the T-cell membrane _ Can only recognize protein antigen and antigen that are bound inside a MHC molecule _ Cannot recognize free antigens |
| BCR | B-cell-receptor is an Ig on the B-cell membrane. Bcz it is an Ig (IgG, IgA, IgE) so _ Can recognize any kind of antigen (protein, lipid,...) _ Can recognize free antigens |
| Nai've Lymphocytes | Nai've means inexperienced - They never encountered foreign antigens, not actively dividing, not has effector funtions - They r found in the blood stream and peripheral lymphoid organs - They r "resting" or "waiting" for antigens |
| Effector T Lymphocytes | They can produce molecules capable of eliminating foreign antigens: - CD4+ Helper T-cells - CD8+ CTLs |
| Effector B Lymphocytes = Plasma cell = Antibody-secreting cells | _ They are the relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an Immune response. _ Each of these can secrete thousands of antibody molecules/sec and activated T-cells include cytotoxic T-cells and Helper T-cells |
| Memory T lymphocyte and Memory B lymphocyte | _ Like Nai've lymphocyte, also survive in a quiescent or slowly cycling state for months or years after the microbe is eliminated - But they not Inexperienced, since they have already encountered an antigen before |
| Quiescent | Resting |
| CD4+ T-cells = Th cells = Helper T-Cells | They activate and help other leukocytes in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells. They also activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. |
| Cytolytic T-cells = CD8+ T-cells = CD8+ CTL = CTL = Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes = TC = T-killer cell = Killer T cell | They have cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins. When these granules are release, they kill the virus-infected cells or tumor cells that the CTLs recognize |
| The adaptive Cellular immune response | _It is important in the elimination of +Cell infected with intracellular pathogens +Mainly viruses +Some intracellular bacteria +Tumor cells +Allogenetic cells _The step of the adaptive Cellular immune rp _T-cell contact the antigen twice |
| The step of the adaptive Cellular immune response | 6 steps _ Antigen recognize _ T-cell activation _ Proliferation of the T-cells _ Differentiation in to effector cells or memory T-cells _ Migration of the effector T-cells to the site of infection _ Elimination of the microbe or antigen |
| Allogeneic cells | They are the foreign human cells: _ From transplants -> graft rejection |
| Heparin | That prevents blood clotting |
| Histamine, serotonin | That induce inflammation |
| Paul Ehrlich | Mast cells were discovered in 1877 by him |
| Antigen recognition of the ACIR | It is the first step of the adaptive Cellular immune response _ the capture of antigen by APC at the site of infection _ The DCs will mature and acquire the ability to present antigens -> This process done in Secondary lymphoid organs |
| The DCs will mature and acquire the ability to present antigen | The DCs must... _ Capture & process the antigen _ Travel to Second lymphoid organs _ Display the antigens inside MHC molecules _ Try to meet a T-cells |
| APC = Accessory cells= Antigen-presenting cell | It mainly a DCs. It is Intracellular antigen. A cell displays antigen complexed with MHCs on their surfaces; This process is known as antigen recognition. APCs process antigens & present them to T-cells -> recognized by TCR. |
| MHCs | Major Histocompatibility Complexes are the molecules on the surface of APC (mainly a DCs). It need to the TCR can recognize antigen. Some Specific T-cells has TCR can recognize within MHCs. + MHC class I + MHC class II |
| T-cell activation and Differentiation | The 2nd & 3rd step of the adaptive Cellular immune response _CD4+ T-cell activation, proliferation & differentiation _CD8+ T-cell => Nai've T-cells r activated +Some -> effector T-cell (live short time) +Some -> memory T-cell (live long time) |
| Th0 cells = Nai've CD4+T-cells and Nai've CD8+ T-cells = Nai've T-cells | The naive forms of CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+). This cell can differentiate into many types, depending on the type of antigen and different cytokin. _ Distinct Th1 _ Distinct Th2 _ Distinct Th17 _ Tfh |
| Cytokine | Products of Tfh cells |
| Distinct Th1 | T helper 1 is differentiated from Th0. It produces IFN-y. The main effector function: _ To help Phagocyte _ To fight mainly against intracellular microbes |
| Distinct Th2 | T helper 2 is differentiated from Th0. The main effector function: _ To help the immune reactions mediated by IgE, Eosinophil and mast cells _ To fight mainly against helminth (worms) => important in Allergic reactions |
| Distinct Th17 | T helper 17 is differentiated from Th0. The main effector function: To destroy extracellular bacteria and fungi, mainly by inducing inflammation (with the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection) |
| Tfh | T-follicular helper is important in the humoral Immune system response _ Do not migrate, bcz they stay in secondary lymphoid organs to help B-cells |
| CD4+ T-cell activation | _ Initiated by recognition of antigens displayed by professional APCs - Th0 differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh,. - These effector cells leave the secondary lymphoid organs & migrate to the site of infection to perform their actions except Tfh |
| IFN-y | Interferon-gamma is produced by distinct Th1 or Tc cells, stimulates killing of microbes by the Phagocyte |
| MHC class I | Type of MHC. Found on all nucleated cell's surface,platelets, but not on erythrocyte. To display peptide fragment of proteins from within the cell to CD8+T-cell =>Trigger an immediate response from the IS against a particular non-self antigen displayed |
| MHC class II | Type of MHC. Found only on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocyte, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B-cells. These cells are important in initiating immune responses. |
| CD8+T-cell activation, proliferation and differentiation | _CTL recognize antigen presented inside MHC class I molecule +By Professional APC: The antigen must be in the cytoplasm of APCs +By intracellular microbes/tumor cell->target CTL->Be destroyed = Tc-cell later _Nai've CTL will differentiate into Tc-cell |
| Memory T-cells | They survive for a long time in a quiescent state after antigen is eliminated _ Migrate to any tissue => Th0 cells migrate mainly to secondary lymphoid organs but if Memory T-cells become activated again after meeting an antige. => More than Th0 cells |
| T-cell contact the antigen twice | _ 1st: At Secondary lympho organs, Th0 recognizes antigen presented by APC and beginning response. _ 2nd: At the site of infection, An effector T-cells promotes the elimination of antigen/microbes. |
| T-cytotoxic cells = Tc cells | It is an effector CD8+T-cells. Secrete cytokines: + IFN y + TNF |
| TNF | It is one of cytokines that secreted by Tc cells. It promotes inflammation, that may directly damage target cell, or inhibit microbial replication |
| Effector T cell | The Effector T cell describes a group of cells that includes several T cell types that actively respond to a stimulus, such as co-stimulation. It includes CD4+, CD8+, Treg cells. |
| The adaptive humoral immune response | _ Humoral = non-cellular components of the blood _ Mediated by secreted Ig _ It is different depending on the chemical composition of the antigen + TI + TD - The steps of the adaptive humoral response |
| The steps of the adaptive humoral response | 6 steps _Nai've B-cell recognizes antigen in secondary lymphoid organs _Activation of B-cells (If the antigen is protein - need Th cells) _Proliferation of B-cells _Differentiation into Plasma cells _Production of antibodies _Elimination of microbes |
| Antigen recognition of the ADHR | _ The IgD of Nai've B-cells lost stimulation by antigen _ The BCR begins two processes: + Activation + Antigen processing for later presentation |
| Nai've B-cell | It is B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen. Once exposed to antigen: It becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell that secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that was originally bound. Have surface IgM and IgD |
| Plasma cells = Plasma B-cells = Effector B-cells | Contrast to memory cell & secrete Ig in response to being presented antigen-> Dont have Ig & BCR. Ig is moved from the plasma cell by the blood plasma & the lymphatic system to the target antigen, where they initiate its neutralization or destruction |
| Memory B cells | They r B cell sub-type: formed within CGs following pri-infection. Doesnt secrete antibody until activated (specific antigen). Can survive for decades & repeatedly generate an accelerated & robust antibody-mediated immune response in the re-infection |
| Antigen processing for later presentation of Antigen recognition of the ADHR | BCR binds antigen -> enter inside endosome : + ID antigen: is splitted into smaller peptide => will be presented on the B-cell surface within MHC molecules for later recognition by helper T-cells |
| TI antigen | T-independent antigen: polysaccharide, lipid, nucleic acid,... Many bacterial cell wall and capsule polysaccharide are TI antigen. They can activate B-cell directly without the help of T-cells |
| TD antigen | T-dependent antigen: Protein They cant activate B-cell directly. They need the help of T-cells |
| Response against TI antigen | _ TI response usually produce only IgM (stime more) _ Humoral immunity is the major mechanism of defend against encapsulated bacteria |
| Response against TD antigen | _B-cell needs the help of Tfh cells to fight against _Tfh cells have been previously activated during the ADCR _Tfh cells and cytokines stimulates B-cell proliferation & differentiation =>Important process is antigen recognition by B-cells to Tfh cells |
| Essential | The activation of specific B and T-cells by the same antigen |
| Differentiation of the B-cells | At the CGs of the follicle & with the help of other cells _Most B-cells -> Plasma cells- many years, Not BCR (Some of these cells will secrete IgM) _Some B-cell-> Memory cells- > 50ys, has BCR =>Both switch the class of Ig -> secrete IgG, IgA, IgE |
| CGs | The Germinal center of the follicle |
| Primary response | _ An antigen is found by the host for the first time _ Nai've B-cells are activated _ Slow _ IgM is the first antibodies to be produced _ IgM has lower affinity for the antigen _ Only produced against all kinds of antigens |
| Secondary response | _ An antigen is found by the host for the second, third,... _ Memory B-cells are activated. _ Faster and more effective. _ IgG, IgA, IgE (also IgM later and less than). _ Ig has higher affinity for the antigen. _ Only produced agains TD antigen. |
| IgM = Immunoglobulin M | One of several isotypes of antibodies that are produced by vertebrates. It is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen. The spleen is the major site of specific IgM production |
| IgG = Immunoglobulin G | It is a type of antibody. ~75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites |
| IgE = Immunoglobulin E | It is a type of antibody that has only been found in mammals. It is synthesised by plasma cells. _ It may have evolved as a last line of defense to protect against venom |
| IgA = Immunoglobulin A = sIgA | Its an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membrane. _~15% of total Ig produced throughout the body, it is greater than all other types of antibody. _ IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 & IgA2) -> can be produced as a monomeric |
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