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Intro to A&P
Ch. 1: Directional terms, levels of organization of the body (cells->systems)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the dorsal body cavity contain? | Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord). |
| What does the ventral cavity contain? | Contains the cranial thoracic cavity (thorax) and the caudal abdominal cavity (abdomen). |
| What are major structures found in the thoracic cavity? | The heart, lungs, esophagus, and many blood vessels coming to and going from the heart. |
| The organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by what? | Pleura |
| Visceral layer of pleura | Layer that lines the organs in the thoracic cavity |
| Parietal layer of pleura | Layer that lines the whole thoracic cavity |
| Pleuritis (pleurisy) | Inflammation of the pleural surfaces in the thoracic cavity |
| What are major structures found in the abdomen? | Digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. |
| What is the abdominal cavity and its organs covered by? | Peritoneum |
| Visceral layer of peritoneum | Layer that lines the organs in the abdominal cavity |
| Parietal layer of peritoneum | Layer that lines the whole abdominal cavity |
| Perionitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity |
| What can cause perionitis? | -From a wound that penetrates into the abdomen from the outside -A rupture of the GI Tract |
| The basic functional units of animal life? | Cells |
| The smallest subdivisions of the body that are capable of life? | Cells |
| An organism must be able to complete what life functions in order to survive? | Grow, respond to positive and negative stimuli; seek out, engulf and absorb food, eliminate wastes; and reproduce |
| Level of body organization from smallest to greatest: | Cells > Tissues > Organs> Systems |
| Specialized cells grouped together to perform the same function | Tissues |
| Types of tissues: | -Epithelial -Connective -Muscle -Nervous |
| Epithelial tissue | Composed entirely of cells Function: cover/protects body surfaces, secrete materials (glands), & absorbs material (intestinal lining) |
| Connective tissues | Composed of living/non-living intercellular substances that add strength Ranges from soft (adipose tissue)- to firm (cartilage & bone) Function: bonds cells & structures together & supports the body |
| Muscle tissue types: | -Skeletal (voluntary) -Cardiac (involuntary) -Smooth (involuntary) |
| Muscle tissue function: | Moves the body inside and out |
| Skeletal muscle | Moves the bones of the skeleton (voluntary) |
| Cardiac muscle | Makes up the heart (involuntary) |
| Smooth muscle | Found in internal organs (ex. GI tract, urinary bladder) (involuntary) |
| Nervous tissue | Composed of nerve cells (neurons) & supporting cells Function: transmits sensory information around the body and controls body functions. |
| Organs | Made up of groups of tissues that work together for common purposes. |
| Made of groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities | Systems -The most complex level of body organization |
| The state of normal anatomy and physiology | Health |
| Disease | When the structures or functions of the body become abnormal. |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body. Dynamic= activity, energy, & work. Equilibrium= balance |
| What is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? | The whole body. |
| Anatomy | Deals with the form & structure of the body and its parts. |
| Physiology | Deals with the functions of the body and its parts. |
| Microscopic anatomy | Deals with structures so small we need a microscope to see them (cannot see with the naked eye) |
| Macroscopic anatomy (Gross anatomy) | Deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the naked eye (ex. organs, muscles, bones) |
| Regional anatomy | All the components of each region of the body are examined (ex. neck region- cells, tissues, blood vessels, nerves, muscles, organs & bones). |
| Systemic anatomy | Deals with the systems of the body (ex. nervous system, skeletal system) |
| Planes of reference: | Sagittal, median, transverse, dorsal plane |
| Sagittal plane | Runs the length of the body and divides it into left & right parts (does not have to be equal halves) |
| Median plane (midsagittal plane) | Runs down the center of the body lengthwise & divides it into equal left & right halves. |
| Transverse plane | Runs across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts (does not have to be equal halves). |
| Dorsal plane | It divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts (does not have to be equal halves). Creates right angles to the sagittal & transverse planes. |
| Cranial | Toward the head |
| Caudal | Toward the tail |
| Rostral | Toward the tip of the nose (term is only used when describing directions on the head) |
| Dorsal | Toward the back (top surface) of a standing animal. |
| Ventral | Toward the belly (bottom surface) of a standing animal. |
| Medial | Toward the median plane (toward the center line of the body). |
| Lateral | Away from the median plane. |
| Deep (internal) | Toward the center of the body of a body part. |
| Superficial (external) | Toward the surface of the body or a body part. |
| Proximal | Toward the body (term used only when referring to extremities ex. limbs, tail, ears) |
| Distal | Away from the body (term used only when referring to extremities ex. limbs, tail, ears) |
| Palmar | The "walking" surface of the front limbs. |
| Plantar | The "walking" surface of the hind limbs. |
| Ventro-dorsal (VD) view | X-rays enter the ventral surface and exit the dorsal surface of the body. |
| Dorso-palmar (DP) view | X-rays will enter the dorsal surface of the leg and exit the palmar surface. |
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28RVT
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