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repro phys
phys exam 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the genesis of the PP gland | Neural tissue. contains axons and nerve terminals of neurons from hypo. Neurohypophysis. formed from infundibulum. |
| List the repro hormones secreted from the AP and PP gland | AP: FSH, LH, Prolactin, GH PP: Oxytocin |
| Describe how the AP works | uses hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system. secretes hormones into blood stream |
| Describe how the PP works | hormones move down axons. secreted into blood stream, directly into circulation. |
| List and describe the 3 stages that make up the process of sexual differentiation | 1. chromosomal sex (karyotype) 2.gonadal sex 3.phenotypic sex |
| explain how a sexually indifferent embryo becomes either male or female | 1.primordial germ cells(yolk sac) 2.migrate via hindgut to genital ridge 3.Testis determining factor and SRY= testes dev w/ testosterone 4. AMH= degeneration of paramesnephric duct 5.dihydrotestosterone= dev penis, scrotum, accessory sex glands |
| describe male fetal maturation process | 1.undiff sex cords align 2.rete tububles and mesonephric tubules interconnected (seminiferous tubules) 3.mesonephric duct becomes epididymis and ductus deferens 4.presence of testosterone causes regression of the female duct system 5.AHM production |
| Describe the genesis of AP | Stomodeal ectoderm (pouching of roof of mouth). glandular epithelial cells produce glycoprotein hormones. adenophypophysis. formed from Rathke's pouch |
| sex differentiation | process whereby a group of unspecified cells develop into a functional, recognizable group of cells that have a common function. |
| sex determination | a system that determines the sexual characteristics of an organism which generally consists of genetic or hormonal parameters |
| chimera | produces by the fusion of two different zygotes in a single embryo |
| mosaic | individual with 2 different cell lines that originated from the same individual |
| chromosomal sex | determined at fertilization in mammals by the type of sex chromosomes contributed by the sperm. |
| gonadal sex | determined by the "sex determining regions of the y chromosome". SRY gene. induces testes formation. |
| phenotypic sex | determined by substances produced in the male testes to cause regression of female tract and formation of male tract |
| describe female fetal maturation process | Absence of testosterone, AMH, DHT. regression of mesonephric tubules, regressing epithelial cords, paramesonephric duct (becomes oviduct and uterus), regression of mesonephric duct. |
| Descent of testes | 1.gubernaculum connects fetal testes to peritoneum 2.once through inguinal ring, rapid growth of distal end 3.testes pulled through inguinal ring b/c gubernaculum shrinks |
| Function of AMH | 1.Paramesonephtic/mullarian ducts regress. 2. gonads increaes in size 3.kidneys (metanephros) grow and move cranial |
| absense of AMH in females | 1.rete tubules disappear 2.paramesonephric/ mullarian ducts dev and enlarge 3.mesonephric ducts regress |
| in female coelomic epithelium becomes what | ovarian cortex |
| caudal vagina originates from | urogenital sinus that invaginates from the exterior skin. stratified squamous epi. |
| fusion of paramesonephric ducts forms | body of uteres, cervix, cranial vagina |
| genital fold | repro tract is sandwhiched b/w to layers of peritoneum |
| simple neural reflex | employs nerves that release simple NT directly onto target tissue |
| Interplay b/w the hypo and the pit as it relates to regulation of repro | 1.surge center 2.tonic center 3.PVN 4.3rd ventricle- separates lateral portions of hypo |
| ID/ explain HPG axis | regulates repro via pos and neg feed back system. GnRH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, oxytocin, testosterone, estrogen, etc |
| neuroendocrine reflex | requires a neurohormones to enter blood and act on remote target tissue |
| hypo portal system | axons from neurons in surge center and tonic center extend to stalk, terminate on blood vessels. Allows minute quantities of releasing hormones to act on AP before they are diluted by general circulation. |
| Relationship b/w PVN and PP | axons from neurons ori in PVN extend into posterior lobe of pit, release neurohormones into capillary plexus. |
| Hypothalamic hormones | GnRH |
| Pit hormones | FSH, LH, PRL, OXY |
| Gonadal hormones | PGF2a, progesterone, estrogen, equine chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic gonadotropin |
| Neurohormones | syn by neurons, released directly into blood |
| Releasing hormones | syn by neurons in hypo, cause release of other hormones from AP |
| gonadotropins | syn and secreted by specialized cells in AP |
| sexual promoters | secreted by gonads to sim the repro tract, regulation function of hypo/AP. regulate behavior |
| pregnancy maintenance hormones | high concentration during preg |
| General metabolic hormones | promote metabolic well being. not repor |
| luteolytic hormones | cause destruction of corpus luteum |
| GnRH produced where | hypothalmic nuclei |
| Gonadotropin ex | FSH, LH, PRL. produced in AP |
| OXY production | Made in paraventricular nucleus and transported to PP for release into blood stream |
| describe the differences in the male and female hypo | Males do not have surge center b/c testosterone defeminizes hypo |
| discuss the mechanism of "defeminization" | 1.testosterone penetrates BBB 2.in brain, converted to estradiol 3.defininzation, no surge center dev |
| recall the physiologic definition of puberty | process of acquiring repro competence. gradual process. onset dependent on ability of hypothalamic neurons to produce GnRH in sufficient quantities to support gametogenesis. FHS and LH release. ovulation and spermatogenesis |
| list and describe all the factors that contribute to the maturation of the hypothalamic nuclei | 1.threshold body size 2.nutritional factors 3.environmental causes 4.photoperiod 5.genetics |
| Tonic center releases | small amounts of GnRH |
| Surge center releases | large amounts of GnRH |
| in females what is estradiol bound to that prevents it from crossing the BBB | a-fetoprotein |
| Nutritional factors of GnRH release | 1.BG concentrations. more BG=more GnRH 2.more fat, more Leptin, stim Neuropeptide Y, more GnRH 3.more Blood FA, more GnRH |
| Estrous | the length of the estrous cycle |
| polyestrus | uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the entire year. cattle, swine, rodents |
| report some of the common signs of estrus across sp | cow: increased movement,vocalization,twitching tail, mounting females horse:tail erect "flagging",urination around stallion sheep: restlessness, ram "seeking", urination around male pig/dog: immobile stance cat: vocalization, head rubbing |
| describe some characteristics why the dog cycle is different than cow | E2, peaks before FSH, LH peaks mid FSH release. 3 day period where ovulation complete and fertilizaiton can be completed. Peak in P4 causes pseudo pregnancy and dog doesn't know if pregnant or not. |
| describe some characteristics why the cat cycle is different than cow | if not mated, postestrus period. if mated P4 increases as if preg, pseudo preg possible, P4 decreases during lactaction, E2 increases during lactaction. Allows another preg to occur while lactating |
| list some reasons for anestrus | 1.preg 2.lactaction (not in cats) 3.Presence of offspring 4.Season (photoperiod) 5.stress 6.pathology |
| estrus | period of sexual receptivity |
| estrous cycle | consists of a series of predictable repro events beginning at estrus and ending at the subsequent estrus |
| seasonally polyestrus | "clusters" of estrous cycles that occur only during a certain season of the year. short day breeder: sheep, goats, deer, elk. long day breeder: horse |
| Monoestrus | only one cycle per year. dogs, wolves, foxes, bears. domestic dogs have 3 cycles every 2 years. |
| 2 major phases of estrous cycle | 1.follicular 2.luteal |
| follicular phase | large follicles, estradiol secreted by follicles, period from CL regression to ovulation |
| luteal phase | corpus luteum, progesterone secreted by CLs, period from ovulation to CL regression. Follicles to grow/regress, but do not produce high quantities of estradiol. |
| 2 major phases of follicular phase | 1.proestrus 2.estrus |
| proestrus | begins when progesterone declines b/c of luteolysis, end at onset of estrus. 2-5 days. major endocrine transition (progesterone to estradiol). FSH/LH primary hormones cause transition. antral follicles mature for ovulation. |
| estrus | female sexually receptive. visible behavioral symptoms. peak estradiol secretion by dominant follicle.duration varies |
| 2 major phases of luteal phase | 1.metestrus 2.diestrus |
| metestrus | CL formation. beginning of progesterone secretion. transition b/w estradiol dominance to progesterone dominance |
| diestrus | sustained secretion of high levels of progesterone from mature CL. longest stage of estrus cycle (2/3 time). ends w/ luteolysis (destruction of CL) |
| True anestrus | insufficient hormonal stim. poor nutrition, stress, pathology |
| Apparent anestrus | failure to detect estrus b/c muted signals. Failure to realize female is preg. |
| gestational anestrus | normal condition brought about by inhibition of GnRH by progesterone. |
| Describe the behavioral, hormonal, and microanatomical events that occur during follicular phase | proestrus and estrus.secretion of extradiol and absence of progesterone. 1.FSH/LH relase from AP 2.Follicular growth 3.sexual receptivity 4.ovulation |
| describe the differences in function of the tonic and surge center of the hypo during follicular phase | tonic center: GnRH release FSH/LH. dev of follicles. follicles produce estrogen. Surge center: responds to pos feedback to increase estrogen levels in the absence of progesterone. Large release of GnRH, cause LH surge, ovulation |
| list the effects that estrogen has during the follicular phase | surge center is "turned on" once estrogen reaches a threshold level. 1.estradiol exerts pos feedback on hypo, drives surge release of GnRH. 2.follicles secrete inhibin, neg feedback on FSH. Estrogen suppress FSH |
| discuss the hormonal relationship b/w hypo, pit, and gonads | 1.declining progesterone. regression of previous CL 2.Increasing estrogen. growing follicles 3.increasing FSH. recruits next wave of follicles 4.surge release of LH. low progesterone and high estrogen. |
| describe how follicles may progress to potentially by ovulated. Follicular dynamics | 1. recruitment, follicles secrete estrogen 2.selection. some die. ones that progress continue to secrete estrogen. 3.dominance, one or more large preovulatory follicles. Follicles producing estrogen and inhibin. ovulation 4.atresia |
| describe the 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin model | Theca cells w/ LH Granulosal cell w/ FSH |
| discuss the process of oogenesis | begins w/ dev of primordial germ cells in embryo. germ cells divide int oogonia. mytosis, last phase arrested (dictyate). |
| follicuogenesis | process whereby immature follicles dev into more advanced follicules and become candidates for ovulation. |
| Theca cell and LH interaction | LH binds theca cells, syn of enzymes that convert cholesterol to testosterone. testosterone granulosa cells |
| Granulosal cells and FSH interaction | FSH binds to the granulosa cells in causes syn of enzymes that convert testosterone to estrogen. estrogen goes into capillaries, systemic, to brain. increase mating posture, phonation, physical activity. |
| systemic estrogen effects on repro tract | increase blood flow, edema of tissues, secretion of mucus, increased leukocytes, increased smooth muscle motility, growth of uterine glands |
| oogenesis at puberty | female begins to ovulate. LH surge allows the meiotic arrest to be lifted, first meiotic division takes place. 2nd oocyte w/1st polar body.2nd polar body voided. ootid formed. |
| describe the hormonal changes that lead to the preovulatory LH surge | 1.copulation stim sensory nerves, vagina/cervix 2.impulses to spinal cord 3.impulses to surge center in hypo 4.sufficient stim provided, neurons in preovulatory center fire, causing large quantities of GnRH secreted, LH surge |
| describe the process of ovulation, including the cell types, what they produce and their respective names | elevated blood flow, breakdown of connective tissue, ovarian contraction. ovulated follicle collapses, fills w/blood, forms corpus hemorrhagicum (CH) |
| Name the 3 events that happen during the luteal phase | 1.luteinization of follicular cells to luteal cells 2.growth and dev of corpus luteum and prod of progesterone 3.luteolysis |
| Name the dominant hormone during the luteal phase | progesterone |
| describe the origin and effects of PGF2a | luteolytic agent in domestic animals. from uterine endometrim. |
| describe how PGF2a reaches the corpus lueum in domestic sp. | 1. local countercurrent exchange in PGF3a from ipsilateral uterine vein and ovarian artery in ruminants 2.systemic pathway in mare 3. combination of local and systemic in sow |
| luteinization of follicular cells to luteal cells | corpus luteum ori from on ovulatory follicle. the basement mem begins to breakdown as ovulation nears. small blood vessels rupture and theca/ granulosa cells mix |
| growth and dev of corpus luteum and prod of progesterone | CL mixture of large luteal cells (Granulosa cells). Small luteal cells (theca cells) |
| luteolysis | destruction of corpus leteum. essential in order to return to a new follicular phase. transformation of theca interna and granulosa cells (produce estrogen prior to ovulation) to luteal cells producing progesterone. |
| phy effects of progesterone: hypo | neg feedback. reduces basal GnRH amplitude and frequency. prevents behavioral estrus. stops preovulatory LH surge |
| phy effects of progesterone: AP | neg feed back |
| phy effects of progesterone: uterus | pos influence on uterine glands to secrete "uterine milk" (histotroph) for potential conceptus. reduce myometrial tone. |
| phy effects of progesterone: mammary glands | prior to parturition causes final alveolar dev |
| Vascular countercurrent exchange mechanism | low molecular wt substances in high concentrations in one vessels diffuses into adjacent vessel of lower concentration. PGF2a secreted into uterus, to overy, no systemic circulation. high first pass dilution rate. |
| Vascular countercurrent exchange mechanism; ruminant | portion of uterine PGF2a transported directly from utero-ovarian vein into ovarian artery. direct lytic effect on corpus luteum |
| mechanism of luteolysis in horse | systemic pathway only. corpus luteum more sensitive to PGF2a. PGF2a metabolized less rapidly (Low first pass dilution rate) |
| mechanism of luteolysis in cow | systemic and countercurrent exchange pathways. medium first pass dilution rate. corpora lutea are not responsive to PGF2 untl at least day 12 post ovulation. |
| hormonal induction of luteolysis | 1.oxy receptors in endometrium in late luteal phase 2.CL w/ lg amts of oxy 3.oxy release= pulse of PGF2a release 4.PGF2a sim more oxy relase 5.pos feedback system |
| Tonic center in male | basal GnRH relase in frequent, intermittent bursts throguhout the day and night. Trigger release of LH and FSH |
| Do males have a surge center? | NO |
| Cell types in male testis | 1.leydig (Intersitial) cells 2.Sertoile (Nurse) cells |
| Leydid (interstitial) cells | Analogous to theca interna cells in female |
| What do leydid cell contain | Receptors for LH. produce testosterone. Sercete inhibin |
| Sertoli (nurse) cells | analogous to granulosa cells in female. |
| What do sertoli cells contain | receptors for FSH. Concert testosterone to estradiol. secrete inhibin. |
| Does testosterone, and estradiol in male increase or decrese GnRH | decrease |
| Function of inhibin in males | negative feedback on AP to directly suppress FSH |
| Spermatogenesis | process of producing spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules. Provides a continual supply of male gametes. allows for genetic diversity. immune privileged site. |
| phases of spermatogenesis | 1.proliferation 2.meiotic phase 3.differentiation phase, spermatocytes |
| Sperm mitotic divisions | last division= primary spermatocytes to enter meiosis. |
| sperm after meiosis | haploid spherical spermatids that differentiate into spermatozoa. each generation of cell is connected w/ intracellular cytoplasmic bridges. |
| Where does meiosis and differentiation of spermatids take place | Adluminal compartment. |
| Phases of sperm differentiation | 1. Golgi phase 2.cap phase 3.acrosomal phase 4.maturation phase |
| Golgi phase | newly formed, spherical spermatid has well dev golgi apparatus. golgi fuse to create pro-acrosomic granules. fusion continues until large acrosomic vesicle is formed |
| Cap phase | golgi migrate. acrosome forms distinct cap.nucleus elongates.formation of neck |
| maturation phase-sperm | mitochondria for spiral assembly around flagellum. defines midpiece. |
| Capitulum | fits into a depression in the posterior nucleus |
| middle piece | gives tail the flexability when it becomes motile |
| Principal piece | makes up a majority of the tail |
| Terminal piece | end piece. where only the microtubules end |
| How do sperm move | 1.Flagellum 2.Geometric clutch model of ciliary and flagellar beating. 9+2 microtubular pattern |
| spermiation | spermatozoa continually released into lumen of seminiferous tubules. |
| Cycle of seminiferous epithelium | time it takes for progression throughout all stages. time differs in sp. |
| Describe fertilization in domestic sp | 1. acrosome rxn 2.spermatozoon penetrates oocyte 3.male and female pronuclei form |
| Discuss phases of sperm transport | 1.intermediate transport 2.cervix. privliged pathways. 3.uterus 4.oviduct 5.fertilization |
| intermediate transport-sperm | retrograde loss. phagocytosis. entrance into cervix/uterus |
| cervix transport- sperm | "privileged" pathways. removal of non-motile sperm. removal of some absormalities |
| uterus-sperm | capacitation initiated. phagocytosis. |
| Oviduct- sperms | capacitation completed. hyperactive motility |
| Sperm movement specifics | sperm in basal regions are oriented in same direction. transverse cervix toward the uterus through privileged pathways of low viscosity sialomucin. |
| Phases of sperm transport in female tract | 1. Rapid 2.Sustained |
| Rapid phase- sperm transport in female tract | 1.oviduct in minutes 2.await arrival of oocyte 3.+/- viability 4.result of muscle contraction following copulation |
| Sustained phase-sperm transport in female tract | 1.sperm delivered to oviducts "continually" from reservoirs. Cervix and uterotubal junction (UTJ) 2.extends time over which fertilization can occur 3.Selected so that they are viable and morphologically normal |
| Capacitation | 1.stripping of these membrane proteins by uterine factors. result is hyper activated sperm in ampulla of oviduct. Unmasking of ZP binding sites |
| Capacitation over the tail aid in | motility |
| capacitation over the midpiece aid in | metabolism |
| capacitation over the head aid in | binding of ZP |
| Acrosome rxn | plasma mem overlying acrosomal mem begins to use w/ outer acrosomal mem. fusion of mem= vesivulation that creates pores through which the acrosomal enzymes pass. allows sperm to penetrate ZP. fusion. cortical rnx induced |
| result directly after acrosomal rxn | vesicles are sloughed, leaving the inner acrosomal mem, equatorial segment and post nuclear cap intact |
| cortical rxn | the sperm head attaches to the oocyte plasma mem and initates the block to polyspermy. |
| results of cortical rxn | ZP binding. vitelline mem changes. prevents other sperm from binding ZP |
| Zygote | once syngamy has taken place. unicellular |
| zyngamy | fusion of female and male pronuclei |
| Embryo | multi-cellular |
| before embryo can attach to uterus | 1.develop w/in ZP 2.hatch from ZP 3.Undergo maternal recognition of pregnancy 4.form extraembryonic mem |
| Totipotency | ability of a single blastomere to dev into a fully formed individual animal |
| what determines id bastocyst hatches | 1. growth and fluid accumulation w/in blastocyst 2.prod of enzymes by trophoblastic cells 3. contraction of blastocyst |
| Ruminant blastocyst | filamentous, thread like structure |
| Mare blastocyst | remains spherical |
| extraembryonic mem dev | accounts for rapid expansion of blastocyst. essential to facilitate attachment to uterus |
| extraembryonic mem of preattachment embryo | 1. yolk sac 2.chorion 3.amnion 4.allantois |
| develops the chorion and amnion | trophoblast, primitive endoderm, mesoderm |
| develops the yolk sac | primitive endoderm |
| dev of amnionic cavity | allantois fuse with chorion. chorion attach to uterus. |
| function of maternal recognition of pregnancy | preservation of primary corpus luteum. must occur before luteolysis. high levels of progesterone. |
| general luteolysis | 1.oxy receptors appear in endometrium in late luteal phase 2.corpus luteum has lg amts of oxy 3.stim PGF2a release 4.stim more oxy. Pos feedback |
| MRP ruminants | 1.INF-T produced by trophoblastic cells 2.inhibits oxy receptor syn 3.inhibit PGF2a release |
| MRP sow | 1.blastocyst produces E2 2.re-routes PGF2a release into uterine lumen where it is destroyed 3.PGF2a secretion is changed from endocrine to exocrine |
| MRP mare | 1.blastocyst migration throughout uterine lumen 2. reduced syn PGF2a 3.occurs b/w days 12-14 |
| MRP cat and dog | Prob doesn't require signal from conceptus. dog CL has similar lifespan when preg and not preg. Cat CL has similar lifespan when preg and induced to ovulate w/o conception |
| placental function | temporary organ of metabolic interchange. temporary endocrine organ. maintenance of preg. induction of parturition |
| functional unit of placenta | chorionic villi. |
| Placental classification based on distribution of chorionic villi | 1. diffuse 2.cotyledonary 3.microcotyledonary 4.zonary 5.discoid |
| Placental classification based on number of tissue layers b/w maternal and fetal blood | 1.epitheliochorial 2.endotheliochorial 3.hemochorial |
| diffuse placenta | almost all of allantochorion is involved in formation of placenta. horse, pig, camelids |
| cotyledonary placenta | multiple, discrete areas of attachment called placentomes formed by interaction of patches of allantochorion w/ endometrium.Ruminants |
| cotyledonary placenta: fetal portion | cotyledons |
| cotyledonary placenta: maternal portion | caruncles |
| cotyledon-caruncle complex | placentome. |
| Zonary placenta | the area of attachment is a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus. Carnivores |
| Discoid placenta | the area of attachment is discoid in shape. Primates |
| epitheliochorial | least intimate, both maternal and fetal epithelium are intact. pig, horse, cow, ewe, doe |
| endotheliochorial | complete erosion of endometrial epithelium. dog, cat |
| hemochorial | chorionic epithelium is in direct apposition to maternal pools of blood. primates/rodents |
| placenta hormone production | 1.stim ovarian function 2. maintain preg 3.stim mammary function 4.assist in parturition |
| placenta hormone production: stim ovarian function | eCG, PMSG in mare. produced by endometrial cups of placents. serves as stimulus to primary CL and stim accessory CLs |
| placenta hormone production: maintain preg | placenta secretes P4 in certain sp |
| placenta hormone production; stim mammary function | placenta secreted lactogen in ewes |
| placenta hormone production: Assist in parturition | relaxin |
| placenta; preg maintenance in what sp | cow, ewe, mare |
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ejohnson17
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