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A&P: Cell Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Myfibrils | Elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells |
| Osteocytes | Bone cell Formed when osteoblasts become embedded in matrix that is secreted |
| Protoplasm | Colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles |
| Prokaryotes | “Before nucleus” |
| Eukaryotes | “True nucleus” Found in all multicellular organisms |
| Nuclear envelope | Monitors the flow of molecules in and out of the nucleus |
| Morphological | Relating to the form or structure of things |
| Cell membrane (plasmalemma) | A plasma membrane which bounds a cell |
| Cytoplasm | The material of protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus |
| Cytosol | The aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence |
| Organelles | Organized or specialized structures within a living cell |
| Nucleus | The central and most important part |
| Metabolites | A substance formed in or necessary for metabolism |
| Lipid bilayer | Formed by two layers of phospholipid molecules, which the hydrophilic heads on the outside and the hydrophobic tails on the inside |
| Globular proteins | |
| Integral proteins | |
| Peripheral proteins | |
| Glycoprotein | Sugar and protein |
| Glycolipid | Sugar and phospholipid |
| Glycocalyx | A coating made of glycoproteins and glycolipids Provides improved cell-to-cell adhesion and represents an important biologica marker for intercellular recognition and for interactions between the cell and antibodies or cell and viruses |
| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | Sticky glycoproteins that cover the surfaces of almost all of the cells |
| Membrane receptors | Integral proteins and glycoproteins that act as binding sites on the cell surface |
| Contact signaling | Cell-to-cell recognition |
| Cell-mediated immune response | |
| Chemical signaling | |
| Ligands | A molecule that binds to another molecule (usually larger) |
| Caveolae | Small invaginations of the plasm membrane “Little caves” produced by caveolin |
| Caveolin | 3 types: caveolin-1, caveolin-2, caveolin-3 Caveolin-1&2 found in cell membranes of endothelial, fibrous, and adipose cells Caveolin-3 has been found in striated and smooth muscle cells |
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) | Infamous “bad” cholesterol |
| Atherosclerosis | A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls |
| Centrioles | A cylindrical organelle near the nucleus, occurring in pairs and involved in teh development of spindle fibers in cell division |
| Cilia | Occur in large numbers on the exposed surface of some cells Shorter than flagella, move synchronously, propelling fluid, mucus, and debris across celluarl surface |
| Flagella | Occur singly and are significantly longer than cilia, typically attached to single cells and propel forward by undulating |
| Microtubles | Part of cytoskeleton Long, hollow tubes that grow out from the cell center near the nucleus |
| Intermediate fibers | Part of cytoskeleton Woven, rope-like fibers that possess high tensile strength Toughest part of cytoskeleton and most permanent |
| Microfilaments | Part of cytoskeleton Located near cell surface on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and arranged in bundles and meshwork, composed of protein actin and protein myosin to give cell the ability to change shape |
| Microtrabeculae | A possible 4th component of cytoskeleton Form a lattice that interconnects larger cytoskeletal elements |
| Centrosome | Responsible for the coordination of building and breaking down microtubles Parts: centrioles, pericentriolar material, and asters |
| Aster | Star-shaped structure formed during division of the nucleus |
| Pericentriolar material (PCM) | Where formation of microtubules is initiated |
| Spindle apparatus | the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells |
| Mitochondria | The powerhouse of the cell, produces 95% of energy that fuels the cell |
| Fission |
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