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physio exam 11 rv
exam 11 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| somatic | single motor neuron to innervated SM |
| ANS | 2 neuron path from SC to ganglia to innervated organ. |
| origin of PSNS in CNS | Cranium, sacral spinal cord |
| origin of SNS in CNS | Thoracic, lumbar spinal cord |
| organs with only SNS innervation | sweat glands, arterioles |
| PSNS in heart | SA node, AV node |
| SNS in heart | SA node, AV node, myocardium |
| PSNS neural pathway | cr nerves, sacral nerves |
| SNS neural pathway | spinal nerves to ganglia, then splanchnic nerves to viscera |
| PSNS and SNS NT pre | ACh and N2 |
| PSNS NT post | Ach and M |
| SNS NT post | Norepi and a,B adrenergic |
| location of PSNS ganglia | near or in innervated organs |
| location of SNS ganglia | paravertebral chain g. mesenteric g. |
| CNS reg of ANS | UMN signals from brainstem control centers monitor, modify ANS LMN |
| Effects of PSNS stim on SA node of heart | protein phos, open K channel (GIRK). Hyperpolar cell |
| effects of SNS on heart | cAMP mediated activation of protein kinases w/tissue actions, increase IC Ca |
| Tapetum is located in what type of animal | scotopic animals |
| function of tapetum | increase photon reception in very low light conditions. |
| why vet sp. see better in dim light | 1. increase # rods 2. increase rod/cone ration 3.have tapetum |
| what cone types do dogs have | B, Y |
| Graded release of Glutamate | gradual increase in glutamate release w/ progressively darker conditions, gradual decrease in release w/ progressively brighter condition. |
| how can a hyper photoreceptor cell result in downstream activation of a bipolar cell | bipolar cells have metabotropic GPCR. hyperpolar in response to glutamate. reduction of glutamate release by receptor 'disinhibits' bipolar cell and it is activated. |
| ionotropic GLU receptors | stimulatory |
| metabotropic GLU receptors | inhbitiory |
| on center | produce response to light |
| off center | produce response to dark |
| what characteristic of photoreceptor cells allows resolution of small changes in light intensity in a visual image | convergence of multiple rods to single bipolar output. graded response of glutamate NT release |
| why do vet sp. fields of view differ from humans | orbit orientation and dev of lateral vs medial fields of reception |
| what field of vision predominates in domestic animals | medial retinal field (lateral vision) |
| where do g. cell axons first synapse: vision | lateral geniculate nucleus |
| where do g. cell axons first synapse: PLR | Pretectal nucleus |
| what layer is b/w the retinal layer and sclera | pigmented layer |
| what causes "red eye" in pictures | presence of pigmented layer in human. presence of tapetum w/ no pigmented layer in dog |
| how is the vestibulospinal tract stim | vestibular nuclei facilitate LMN to ispilateral extensors |
| how does the vestibulospinal tract stim LMN | ipsilateral extensors, inhibits ispilateral flexor and contralateral extensor |
| what sense organ is stim by tilting the head to one side while standing | macula of saccule and utricle |
| what sense organ is stim by forward acceleration | macula of saccule and utricle |
| what senes organ is stim by head turning or rotation to one side | christa ampullaris of semicircular canals |
| why is "endolymph flow" in the semicircular canals relative | inertia of the endolymph while bony cranium and semicircle canals are moving |
| where is the crista ampullaris located and what are the components | one per semicircle canal located at one end of each of the canals |
| how are hair cells stim | deformation of stereocilia open K channels (or close them depending on direction), depolar release glutamate, stim 1st order neuron |
| where is the macula and what are the components | detector of static position. hair cells attach to basement mem, sterocilia embedded in gelatinous otolithic mem |
| what vestibular nucleus has connection w/ CN III, IV, VI | Medial vestibular nucleus |
| function of CN III and CN VI when head moving | keep eyes on target via Medial rectus and lateral rectus m. respectively. |
| function of CN IV when head moving | keeps head oriented to target |
| clinical signs if dog has right vestibular lesion | Nystagmus w/ slow portion toward head. head tilt toward lesion. circlin/ falling toward lesion side |
| what lobes of the verebellum receive and send vestibular signals to and from vestibular nuclei | Flocculonodular lobes |
| what g. contains first order vestibular neurons for the vestibular system? location? | vestibular g, adjacent to semicircular canals |
| components of vestibular portion of inner ear | 1. bony labyrinth 2.membranous labyrinth 3.utricle 4.saccule 5.christa ampullaris 6.macula |
| components of ampullaris | hair cells, cupula |
| components of macula | hair cells, otoliths in gelatinous mem |
| components of auditory portion of inner ear | 1.bony cochela-scala vestibule 2.scala tympani 3.membranous cochlear duct-vestibular mem 4.basilar mem 5.oval window 6.round window 7.hair cells 8.tectorial mem |
| similarities b/w peripheral auditory system and peripheral vestibular sysmtem | both use hair cells and detect motion or sound by deformation of stereocilia |
| pathway of resonance | 1.ear drum 2.malleus, incus, stapes 3.oval window 4.perilymph 5.vestibular mem 6.endolymph 7.tectoral mem 8.basilar mem |
| where are high frequencies detected along the cochlea | proximal to oval window |
| where are low frequencies detected along the cochela | towards helicotrema (apical portion) |
| what g. contains first order cochlear neurons for auditory system | spiral g |
| where is the second order neuron for the auditory system | cochlear nuclei, olivary nuclei of brainstem |
| where are most of the auditory relay nuclei for the auditory system | spiral g, brainstem |
| creation of "odor map" | 1. multiple different receptor types (1st order) 2.collect at individual mitral cells (2nd order) |
| mitral cells | 2nd order olfactory neuron |
| how is transmission of olfactory signals to the cerebral cortex different from that of other somatic ad special sense | bypass thalamus |
| where is the primary olfactory cortex | piriform cotex |
| what taste sensations utilize ionotropic receptors | sour, salty |
| what taste sensations utilize metabotropic receptors | bitter, sweet, umami |
| where are the second order neurons for taste | solitary nucleus of medulla |
| what makes up the choroid plexus | modified ependymal (epi) cells. create ultafiltrate which is CSF |
| What are the primary components of CSF | Water, Na, Cl, HCO3, K, CO2, O2, vit, select lg molecules. |
| how is CSF formed | osmotic diffusion (water+electrolytes) and active transport of select lg molecules. |
| how does CSF exit the CNS | Subarachnoid villi in dorsal sagittal sinus |
| primary functions of CSF | mechanical protection, maintain appropriate chem balance for CNS |
| What makes up the blood brain barrier | capillary endothelium and foot processes of astrocytes. |
| what are circumventricuar organs | areas of CNS (medulla and hypothalamus) where BBB is not as complete allowing for molecules of the blood stream to be detected by these areas of CNS |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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