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Cells
Structure, Physiology and Division
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four functions of a cell membrane? (4 points) | - Separating the cell from its environment - Covers the surface of a cell - Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell – Selectively permeable (only allows some substances to pass through - Assists with cell recognition using carbohydrates |
| What three components make up the cell membrane structure? (3 points) | - Phospholipid bilayer – Double layer of phospholipid (fat) molecules with transport protein molecules embedded within it. - Carbohydrates are found on the surface of the cell membrane – help cell to recognise other cells + help in formation of tissues - Other membrane proteins act as enzymes, receptor molecules or electron transporters |
| What are the three functions of the cytoplasm? (3 points) | - Suspends the nucleus and organelles within the cell supporting them - Fluid that fills interior of the cell - Contains the cell’s glucose, proteins and ions |
| What are the two functions of the nucleus? (2 points) | - Contains genetic material of the cell (within chromosomes) (The chromosomes carry DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid –carry the information for protein synthesis – Set of instructions) - Controls the activity of the cell |
| What is the function of the nucleolus? (1 point) | - Nucleus have several nucleoli where ribosomes are manufactured |
| What is the sole function of the mitochondria? (1 point) | - Site of cellular respiration (Site where energy extracted from food is stored as ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate) |
| Describe the structure of the mitochondria (4 points) | - Rod shaped - Double membrane structure - Smooth outer membrane - Inner membrane folds in to form large surface area |
| What is the function of ribosomes within a cell? (1 point) | - Site of protein synthesis within the cell (Joins amino acids together to make a polypeptide chains) |
| Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum? What are the two types and what is the structural difference between them? (3 points) | - Network of membrane lined interconnected tubes and cavities in cytoplasm - Ribosomes – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Without Ribosomes – Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (1 point) | - Transports proteins synthesised by ribosomes |
| What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (1 point) | - Smooth ER Synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids |
| Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus (1 point) | - Stack of flattened sacs in cytoplasm |
| What is the two function of the Golgi apparatus? (2 points) | - Modification of certain proteins produced by the cell (adds carbohydrates) - Makes lysosomes |
| What is the function of lysosomes (3 points) | - Store digestive enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds - Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself - Digest materials taken in via phagocytosis or endocytosis |
| Describe the structure of lysosomes and where are they found? (2 points) | - Small round membrane bound sacs - Found in ALL cells |
| What is the function of the centrosome? (1 point) | - Involved in cell division (mitosis) |
| Describe the structure of the centrosome (2 points) | - Centrosome contains a pair of rod like structures called centrioles - Lie at right angles to each other |
| What are the cilia and flagella of the cell? (2 points) | - Cilia and flagella are extensions of the plasma membrane seen on some cells of the body - Used to move the cell |
| What is the difference between the cilia and flagella? (2 points) | - Cilia found in large numbers on outside of cell creating a wave like motion - Flagella are usually single and longer, moving the cell by undulating movements |
| Which type of cell division is seen in somatic (body) cells? (1 point) | - Mitosis (the production of two identical daughter cells, each of which are identical to the parent cell and containing a diploid number of chromosomes) |
| Which type of cell division is seen in germ (sex) cells? (1 point) | - Meiosis -the production of four identical daughter cells, each which is non-identical to the parent cell and containing a haploid number of chromosomes) |
| What are the 4 active phases of mitosis called (in their correct order)? | 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
| What occurs during interphase? (2 points) | - Interphase is the resting phase before prophase begins where the new daughter cells grow and prepare for the next division - The DNA replicates in preparation for the next division |
| What occurs during prophase? (3 points) | - Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromasomes contract and become shorter and fatter and more distinct - Each chromasome replicates forming two chromatids joined at the centromere - Centrioles are now at opposite ends of the cell and spindle fibres start to form |
| What occurs during metaphase? (1 point) | - The chromosomes attach to the spindle fibres and as they contract it moves the chromatids towards the opposite poles of the cell |
| What occurs during anaphase (1 point) | - The stage of mitosis where the chromasomes attach to the spindle fibres and as they contract the chromatids move towards the opposite poles of the cell |
| What occurs during telophase? (1 point) | - The spindle fibres break down, the cell constricts across the middle until it divides in two (resulting in two new daughter cells) |
| What is ‘Crossing over’ and which stage of meiosis does it take place (2 points) | - This occurs during the assembly at the equator where the chromosome ends may become entangled and pieces of one chromosome may attach to the other - This occurs in the Prophase stage and may influence the characteristics of the offspring |
| How does meiosis differ from mitosis? (3 points) | - Meiosis results in the ova or sperm containing half of the normal number of chromosomes (haploid number) - Meiosis also goes through the four active stages twice - Crossing over occurs during prophase and it takes longer than in mitosis |
| At what stage during meiosis does the fibrous spindle start to form how is this different from mitosis? (2 points) | - The spindle fibres start to form at Metaphase1 - This is different to mitosis as in meiosis the chromatids are arranged in pairs but in mitosis, they are single when aligned at the equator |
| What occurs during Anaphase 1? (1point) | - The pairs separate and the chromatids migrate along the spindle fibres towards the poles of the cell |
| The first meiotic division takes place during which stage of meiosis? (1 point) | The first meiotic division tales place is at Telephase1, this involving the cytoplasm beginning to divide but the nuclear membrane not reforming |
| What is osmosis? (2 points) | - The movement of water, through a semi permeable membrane from a fluid of low concentration to one of a higher concentration - Continues until the two concentrations are equal. |
| What is diffusion? (4 points) | - Diffusion is the term used to describe molecules moving down a concentration gradient - The movement is from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration and will continue until an equilibrium is reached - Diffusion takes place where there is no barrier to the free movement of molecules - It can only however take place if the molecules are small enough to pass through the cell membrane |
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x_catriona
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