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Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| skeletal system is classified as which two main tissue structures ? | Bone and cartilage |
| bone describe | calcified connective tissue forming most of the adult skeleton |
| dense, durable tough fibrous connective tissue made to withstand compression forces eg jumping & running is ? | Cartilage |
| name the three cartilage types in the body | hyaline - elastic - fibro all having different functions |
| how many bones in the adult human body ? | 206 connected via different joints |
| hyaline cartilage describe | tissue that forms the temp skeleton of the foetus, eventually replaced by bone when calcium added. Found at the end of long bones that meet to form synovial joints |
| elastic cartilage describe | similar to hyaline but more fibres most made of elastin as opposed to collagen. Can regain & retain original shape. Found in the ear, epiglottis (tongue area) where specific shapes reqd |
| fibro cartilage describe | thicker & stronger than others. Forms various shapes and acts like a shock absorber in joints |
| skeleton is made of two main sections, name them | axial & appendicular |
| axial skeleton describe & name bones | bones that form the main frame or axis SPINE- RIBS - SKULL |
| appendicular skeleton describe & name bones | bones (appendages) attached to the main frame UPPER/LOWER LIMBS - PELVIC & SHOULDER GIRDLES |
| long bones - arms name | Humerus - radius - ulna |
| long bones - legs name | Femur - Tibia (shin) - Fibula |
| long bones - hands / feet | hands - metacarpals, and phalanges feet - metatarsals, and phalanges |
| Diaphysis describe | Main shaft of a long bone contains a thick layer of hard compact bone with a hollow centre |
| Epiphysis describe | end of a long bone which contains the spongy cancellous bone tissue |
| Medullary Cavity describe | Marrow Cavity - Hollow centre of a long bone containing yellow marrow |
| where is yellow marrow found ? | in the medullary cavity of a long bone |
| long bones describe | greater length than width, have a main shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysyis) act mainly as levers |
| short bones - hands name | carpals |
| short bones - feet name | tarsals |
| short bones describe | highly cancellous (spongy) eg for strength & reduced weight - as wide as long (cube shaped) |
| flat bones describe | made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone, provide protection & muscle attachment areas |
| flat bone examples ? | scapula - sternum - ribs (costals) - cranial - illium (pelvic) |
| irregular bones describe | complex shapes, cannot be grouped as long, short, flat or sesamoid bones |
| irregular bones examples | vertabrae, coccyx, calcaneus (heel) |
| classification of bones name all 5 of them | long - short - flat - irregular - sesamoid (seed like) |
| sesamoid bones describe | round seed like bones develop with tendons at a site of considerable friction/tension, improve leverage & protect joint damage |
| sesamoid bones example | patella (knee cap) |
| Epiphyseal plates describe | growth plates found between diaphysis & epiphysis in a long bone which allow the diaphysis to lengthen until adulthood |
| compact bone describe | solid and strong helps the long bone with weight bearing stress |
| cancellous bone describe | forms mainly flat, short and irregular bones, also contains red marrow |
| periosteum describe | tough, fibrous (containing fibres) sheath covering the whole bone |
| yellow marrow describe | storage of fat, found in medullary cavity |
| red marrow describe | production of various blood cells, found in cancellous bone |
| function of the skeletal system - shape describe | skeltal bones give body its basic shape |
| function of the skeletal system - protect describe | ribs protect heart/lungs, skull protects brain |
| function of the skeletal system - attachment describe | ligaments, tendons and bones |
| function of the skeletal system - movement describe | muscles pull on long bones to give movement eg tibia & fibula pulled back to to flex the knee |
| function of the skeletal system - production describe | some bones produce blood cells from their marrow - RED cells (CARRY oxygen) - WHITE cells (FIGHT infection) |
| function of the skeletal system - storage describe | Bones store important minerals eg calcium, phosphorous, which support growth & development |
| 3 main types of joint ? name them | Fibrous - Cartilaginous - Synovial |
| Synovial Joints - describe movement + example | Freely Movable & most common joint - ankle, knee, hip, elbow, shoulder, neck, wrist |
| Cartilaginous Joints - describe movement + example | Slightly movable, two bones united by cartilage hyaline or fibrous eg Vertabrae |
| Fibrous Joints - describe movement + example | Fixed immovable - eg cranium (skull) |
| Articular / hyaline cartilage describe | When hyaline cartilage is on the articular surfaces of bones (the surfaces at joints), it is called articular cartilage. Articular cartilage functions as a shock absorber |
| ligaments 4 main functions what are they ? | connect bone to bone in all joints - joint stability - joint motion & alignment - preventing unwanted/excessive joint motion |
| synovial membrane describe | stores and secretes synovial fluid when reqd |
| synovial fluid describe | released during activity - lubricates joints during movement |
| synovial joint capsule describe | holds all the pieces of a synovial joint in place |
| synovial joint cavity describe | space which contains synovial fluid |
| tendons | connect muscle to bone to create movement |
| does cartilage have a blood supply ? | doesnt have one !! hence limited ability to repair itself |
| Cartilage - name two main types | articular/hyaline & fibrous |
| good cartilage health is dependant on what ? | regular activity eg release of synovial fluid |
| bad cartilage health caused by ? | wear & tear repetitive movement (high impact) also overuse & ageing |
| ligaments made from ? | tough, white non elastic fibrous tissue connected in cord or strap like formation. |
| tendons formed from ? | formed from all the muscle fibres and connective tissue of the muscle |
| Major problem in the healing of any injury process is ? | Lack of blood supply |
| Bone & Muscle tend to heal fairly easily & quickly, Why ? | They have a healthy blood supply |
| Ligaments, Tendons and cartilage healing potential & speed of recovery is limited why ? | Poor blood supply |
| Why are cartilage injuries unlikely to heal other than poor blood supply ? | They also have a lower nutrient supply. Fibrocartilage may need surgical removal when torn |
| Synovial joints - how many & name ? | 6 - ball/socket - hinge - pivot - saddle - gliding - ellipsoid(condyloid) |
| synovial joint - BALL & SOCKET - rom / example / actions | ROM: almost any direction - eg shoulder and hip - ACTIONS: flexion/extension + adduction/abduction + rotation + circumduction, |
| synovial joint - HINGE - rom / example / actions | ROM: bending & straightening - eg knee/elbow joints - ACTIONS: flexion/extension |
| synovial joint - PIVOT - rom / example / actions | ROM: rotation around an axis - in the neck (the atlas C1 vertabra) rotates around the axis (C2) eg forearm the radius & ulna twist - ACTION: rotation |
| synovial joint - SADDLE - rom / example / actions | ROM: back & forth + side to side - eg thumb (carpometacarpal joint) - ACTION: adduction/abduction + flexion/extension |
| synovial joint - GLIDING - rom / example / actions | ROM: Allows two bones to slide past each other - eg shoulder girdle eg mid carpal/mid tarsal of wrist & ankle - ACTION: elevation/depression of the shoulder girdle |
| synovial joint - ELLIPSOID (condyloid) - rom / example / actions | ROM: similar to ball/joint but to a lesser degree - eg joints between hands & fingers - ACTION: flexion/extension + adduction/abduction + circumduction but NO rotation !!! |
| How are joint movements created | Muscles pulling on bones |
| Name the joint movement terminology for - NORMAL TERMS (general) FE+AA+R | Flexion/Extension + Adduction/Abduction + Rotation |
| Flexion - joint terminology (Normal Terms) | Angle of the joint decreases or return from extension - eg bending knee/elbow |
| Extension - joint terminology (Normal Terms) | Angle of the joint increases or return from flexion - eg straightening knee/elbow |
| Adduction - joint terminology (Normal Terms) | Toward the midline of the body - eg drawing the leg or arm in towards & across the centre of the body |
| Abduction - joint terminology (Normal Terms) | Away from the midline of the body - eg taking the leg or arm out to the side |
| Rotation - joint terminology (Normal Terms) | a bone rotating on its own long axis - eg twisting the neck or trunk to the left or right |
| Protraction - joint terminology (specific) * Shoulder girdle/jaw * | Forward movement - eg rounding the shoulder girdle forward or sticking your jaw out |
| Retraction - joint terminology (specific) * Shoulder girdle/jaw * | Backward movement - eg squeezing the shoulder blades together or retracting your jaw |
| Pronation - joint terminology (specific) *forearms/hands * | Turn palm downward - this action occurs between the radius and ulna |
| Supination - joint terminology (specific) *forearms/hands * | Turn palm upward - this action occurs between the radius and ulna |
| Inversion - joint terminology (specific) *feet * | Sole (plantar)of the foot faces the midline - eg turning the foot inward |
| Eversion - joint terminology (specific) *feet * | Sole (plantar)of the foot faces away from the midline - eg turning the foot outward |
| Dorsiflexion - joint terminology (specific) *Ankle * | point toes to shin, action only occurs at the ankle |
| Plantarflexion - joint terminology (specific) *Ankle * | point toes to floor (tiptoes) action only occurs at the ankle |
| Horizontal flexion - joint terminology (specific) *Shoulder* | Moving the arms to the midline of the body in the horizontal plane - eg from crucifix position to outstretched clap |
| Horizontal extension - joint terminology (specific) *Shoulder* | Moving the arms away from the midline of the body in the horizontal plane - eg from outstretched clap to crucifix position |
| Elevation - joint terminology (specific) *Shoulder* | Upward movement of the shoulder girdle - eg shoulder shrug to the ears |
| Depression - joint terminology (specific) *Shoulder* | Downward movement of the shoulder girdle - eg release shoulder shrug away from the ears |
| Lateral Flexion/Extension - joint terminology (specific) *spine/neck* | Bending to the side - eg bending spine or neck to left/right |
| Circumduction - joint terminology (specific) *ball/socket joints* | circular or cone shaped movement that occurs at ball & socket joints - eg moving the arm in a circular motion like bowling a cricket ball action |
| What bone is the only horizontal long bone in the body | the clavicle (collarbone) |
| How many bones roughly is a human infant born with ? | 270 some of which fuse together to leave 206 in adulthood |
| what are osteoblasts | cells that deposit calcium to form bone |
| What is the foetal skeleton mostly made up of ? | cartilage before osteblasts & osteoclasts begin ossification |
| what are osteoclasts | cells that help to eat away old bone |
| When is ossification fully complete ? | between the ages of 18 & 30 |
| What mineral is progressively lost as the skeleton ages ? | Calcium, ( happens earlier in women ) |
| What causes osteoporosis (brittle bone) ? | Loss of calcium & and bone mass |
| What does osteoporosis increase the risk of ? | Increase in fractures, loss of height & changes in posture (hunced back) in senior years |
| what is especially important for bone health | Nutritious diet with calcium especially important plus sunlight & vit "D" |
| name some calcium rich foods good for bone health | green vegetables eg spinach/kale - oily fish - dairy products - |
| excessive intakes of what can compromise bone health ? | caffeine - alcohol & carbonated drinks |
| what hormone does the "pituitary gland" secrete ? | growth hormone |
| what system produces hormones that play a significant role in bone development & growth | the ENDOCRINE system |
| Exercise "skeletal" benefits - Short term / immediate effects - "which fluid is released" | synovial fluid increase helps in joints as wear/tear reduced, |
| Exercise "skeletal" benefits - Short term / immediate effects - "what happens to blood flow" | increased along with nutrients to bones/joints |
| Exercise "skeletal" benefits - Short term / immediate effects - "how is ROM effected" | muscles pull on bones to increase (R)ange (O)f (M)ovement |
| Exercise "skeletal" benefits - Long Term - "name some increased benefits" | bone density & strength - stability (due to stronger ligaments/tendons) - ROM (due to better flexibility) |
| Exercise "skeletal" benefits - Long Term - "name improved benefits" | Posture, cartilage health |
| Exercise "skeletal" benefits - Long Term - "name reduced risks" | reduced risk of osteoporosis & fractures |
| what determines the basic shape & size of an individuals skeleton ? | GENES |
| What 2 factors influence the final shape of an adult skeleton ? M&M | Mechanical & Metabolic |
| what role does the mechanical factor have on the final shape of a skeleton | Muscle forces acting on the developing bone |
| what role does the METABOLICAL factor have on the final shape of a skeleton | SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS TO THE SKELETON |
| what are osteocytes | mature osteblasts that have ended their bone forming role |
| in a fully developed skeleton what two tissues does bone contain ? | living & non living tissue |
| at what point does bone growth cease & ossification is complete ? | early adulthood |
| what vitamin is necessary for the proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine | vitamin d |
| what makes up a framework of levers & pivots in the human body ? | Bones (levers) & pivots (joints) |
| the ankle is a freely moveable joint TRUE/FALSE | TRUE |
| ligaments attaching bone to bone describes the structure of which joint | Synovial |
| Generating heat is a function of which type of muscles | skeletal |
| "Muscles can only pull on bones to create movement" describes a principle of what | Muscle contraction |
| what name is given to the point of the joint where the radius and ulna meet in the forearm | Radioulnar joint |
| Phalanges are classified as which bone type ? | Long |
Created by:
LeeNelson
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