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parasitology 7
exam 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the earliest representatives of Arthropoda are seen in which time period | Cambrian. 520 mya |
| morphologic characteristics of arthropods | 1.joint appendages 2.chitinous exoskeleton 3.segmented body 4.primitive CNS 5.Respiratory system |
| simple metamorphosis | form emerging from egg looks like the adult. occupies same habitat throughout life cycle |
| complex metamorphosis | form emerging from egg looks nothing like the adult. may occupy different habitats throughout the lifecycle |
| Trans-stadial | parasites and other microorganisms are transferred from one development stage to the other. |
| Trans-ovarial | vertical transmission. parasites and other microorganisms are transferred to the adult who incorporates the infection in her egg. |
| Ticks, mites, and spiders are part of what class | Arachnida |
| Iodid common name | Hard Ticks |
| General tick body plan | fused two piece. Cephalothorax and opithosoma. chitinous exoskeleton w/ hard scutum |
| cephalothorax | fused head and thorax |
| opithosoma | abdomen |
| number of legs on adult and nymph tick | 8 |
| number of legs on larvae tick | 6 |
| what life cycle stage are ticks parasitic | All lifecycle stages. all ticks suck blood |
| Most ticks have how many host life cycles | 3 |
| 1 host tick | completes entire lifecycle on single animal. molts to each life-stage on host. highly susceptible to control efforts |
| infectious disease transmission of 1 host tick | transovarial, only mechanism for one-host tick to vector disease |
| 2 host tick | larvae and nymph on same host. adult on new host. |
| infectious disease transmission of 2 host tick | interstadial. infectious agent acquired by larvae/nymph from host and passed to adult stage. |
| 3 host tick | all stages get different host. most common. pick up infectious agent anywhere during lifecycle |
| infectious disease transmission of 3 host tick | interstadial. larvae to nymph or nymph to adult |
| disease associated with Ixodes scapularis | lyme disease |
| disease associated with Amblyomma americanum | STARI and Ehrlichiosis |
| disease associated with dermacentor varriabilis | RMSF |
| Key diagnostic characteristics of ticks | 1.Capitulum 2.scutum 3.festoons 4.Anal groove |
| Dermacentor variablilis sp. infect | Dog and cat |
| Dermacentor variablilis life cycle length | 3mo-2yr. 3 hosts |
| Dermacentor variablilis common name | American Dog tick |
| Dermacentor variablilis associated disease | 1.RMSF 2.Tularemia 3.Q fever 4.Tick paralysis |
| D. alnipictus life cycle length | 1 host |
| D. alnipictus sp. infect | Deer, elk, moose |
| D. alnipictus disease characteristic | Hair loss/ lose BCS in winter "Winter Tick" |
| Rocky mountain spotted fever | Acute disease associated with Rickettsial infection by D.varriabilis. non specific body aches and fever initially. Rash appears 2-5 days post exposure |
| Rocky mountain spotted fever seasonality | April- Sept. |
| Rocky mountain spotted fever treatment | AB. early diagnosis is key. |
| Tick paralysis | associated w/ neurotoxic salivary component |
| Rapid ascending paresis | respiratory failure. fatal if untreated |
| Amblyomma amerianum life cycle length | 1-2 yr. 3 host |
| Amblyomma amerianum sp. infect | Dog |
| STARI | Associated w/ bite of Lone Star Tick |
| Ehrlichiosis | acute disease of humans and animals. Gram neg bacteria invade WBC. low white blood cell count or low platelets. |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus common name | Brown Dog tick |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus life cycle length | as little as 2 mo. 3 host |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus env distribution | tropical. adapted to living indoors. |
| Haemaphysalis longicornus env distribution | Eastern Asia. Cold hardy, over winters as nymph in Russia and Korea. Reportable to USDA |
| Haemaphysalis longicornus vector potential | 1.Theileriosis 2.Anaplasmosis 3.Ehrlichiosis 4.Lyme borreliosis |
| Haemaphysalis longicornus repro | Pathenogenically. males rare (unnecessary) |
| Ixodes scapularis common name | Black legged tick |
| Ixodes scapularis life cycle | 2yr. 3 host. ticks feed as larvae in summer/fall. |
| Ixodes scapularis vector potential | "Lyme Disease tick". infected w/ Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Rhipicephalus annulatus and R. microplus common name | Texas cattle tick |
| Rhipicephalus annulatus and R. microplus life cycle | 1 host |
| Rhipicephalus annulatus and R. microplus env distribution | Mediterranean distribution. |
| Rhipicephalus annulatus and R. microplus disease association | Texas cattle fever |
| soft tick body morphology | 1.leathery body 2.head not visible from above |
| soft tick general feeding model | Vampire model |
| soft tick lay eggs | in small batches, multiple times |
| Argas common name | poultry tick |
| Argas species infect | chickens, turkey, guinea fowl, pigeons, grouse |
| Argas life cycle length | all stages withstand starvation for up to 2 yr. 3 host |
| Argas transmit what disease | avian spirochetosis. tick paralysis |
| Ornithodoros species infect | avian, rodent, deer and cattle |
| Ornithodoros life cycle | larva don't feed. Nymphs require blood meal after each molt |
| Ornithodoros males have how many nymph stages | 4 |
| Ornithodoros females have how many nymph stages | 5 |
| Ornithodoros have how many oviposition periods | 8 |
| Ornithodoros transmit what disease | Borrelosis "Tick borne relapsing fever". Zoonotic |
| Otobius common name | spinose ear tick |
| Otobius species infect | cattle, horse, livestock |
| sign animal has Otobius tick | pawing at ear |
| Otobius life cycle lengh | remain in ear canal up to 4 mo. 1 host. only larvae and nymphs parasitic. |
| Frontline for tick control | use 24-48 hr post contact |
| K-9 advantix for tick control | Imidiclopride and permethrin. repels and kills ticks. Not for cat use |
| Certifect for tick control | Fipronil, S-methoprene, Amitraz. kills ticks w/in 6hrs, repels ticks 1 mo, fleas 3 mo. |
| Revolution for tick control | Ticks drop off in 4-5 days. Too long, can still transmit disease |
| 3 basic mite groups | 1.mesostigmatid 2.astigmatid 3.prostigmatid |
| General ways mites cause disease to host | 1. suck blood= anemia 2.dermatosis, pierce skin, irritation, inflammation at bite site, sloughing skin, oozing lymph 3. 2nd infection |
| Mesostigmatid mites body morphology | 1.Stigmata b/w 3rd and 4th pair of legs 2. legs evenly spaced in anterior 1/2 of body 3. claws on end of tarsi 4.most free living |
| Mesostigmatid species types | 1.Dermanyssus gallinane 2. Ornithonyssus sp. |
| Dermanyssus gallinane common name | red roost mite of poultry |
| Dermanyssus gallinane are found where in env | nests and bedding. |
| Dermanyssus gallinane clinical sig | 1.anemia 2.zoonotic |
| Dermanyssus gallinane diagnosis | needle like cheleceria |
| Ornithonyssus sp. in poultry called | O.sylviarum |
| Ornithonyssus sp. in rodents called | O.bacoti |
| Ornithonyssus sp. diagnosis | scissor-like cheleceria |
| Astigmatid mites body morphology | 1.no stigmata 2.2nd and 3rd pair of legs widely separated 3.suckers on end of tarsi 4.most parasites |
| what are the two general parasitic categories of Astigmatid mites | 1.surface dwelling 2.skin burrowing |
| surface dwelling mites | 1.Psoroptes ovis 2chorioptes bovis 3.otodectes cynotis 4.Notoedres |
| skin burrowing mites | 1.Sarcoptes spp. 2.Sarcoptes scabiei var vanis |
| how do Psoroptes ovis feed | pierce skin w/ chellicerae. suckers on long pedicles at end of tarsi feed on oozing serum. psoroptic scab formed. |
| Psoroptes ovis clinical sig | Hair loss from rubbing and inflammation of dermis. diagnosis via mites at edge of scab. Reportable to USDA |
| how does Chorioptes bovis feed | does not pierce skin. feeds on sloughed epidermal and epithelial debris. suckers at end of tarsi |
| Chorioptes bovis clinical sig | superficial mildly pruritic, flaky dermatitis. found on legs, tail, pubic region. generally self limiting. not reportable |
| how does Otodectes cynotis feed | found on outer ear canal of host. does not pierce skin. feeds on sloughed epidermal and epithelial debris. |
| Chorioptes bovis clinical sig | superficial mildly, pruritic |
| Chorioptes bovis diagnosis | ear swab of outer ear canal and observation of mites. black, waxy cerumen |
| how do Sarcoptes spp. feed | found on pinna of ear, inguinal and hair less portions of body. burrow into and tennel under the skin. feed on serum, fluids, host protein. reportable to USDA |
| Sarcoptes spp. clinical sig | pruritic, papular, erythrma related to burrowing, defecation and eggs laid in tunnels. |
| how do sarcoptic scabs form | oozing serum resulting from scratching and self-mutilation. hair loss from rubbing and inflammation of dermis |
| Sarcoptes spp. diagnosis | deep skin scape and edge of scab |
| Sarcoptes scabiei var canis common name | canine mange mite |
| Sarcoptes scabiei var canis diagnostic | pineal/pedal reflex |
| Sarcoptes scabiei var canis clinical sig | deep scrape edge of crusty lesion. alopecia in inguinal areas |
| Notoedres common name | feline mange mite |
| Notoedres diagnostic | easy to demonstrate with skin scrape |
| ear mite treatment | 1.pyrethrin based OTC solution. 2.milbemite (interceptor) |
| scabies treatment | 1.revoultion 2.ivermectin 3.imidacloprid-moxidetin 4.milbemycin oxime/spinosad (trifexis) |
| two main body shapes of prostigmatid mites | 1.mite shaped 2.cigar shaped |
| demodex common name | hair follicle mite |
| demodex transmission | skin to skin. 1 host. |
| demodex sp infect | dog |
| demodectic mange | localized. erythrma usually around muzzle. alopecia around eyes and pinnae. self limiting |
| demodectic mange with underlying condition | generalized. red mange w/ dry flaky skin. erythema around elbows, alopecia around eyes and pinnae. impossible to cure |
| demodex body shape | cigar shape |
| Cheyletiella common name | walking dandruff mite |
| cheyetiella distinguishing characteristic | massive palpal claw |
| cheyetiella sp infect | dog, cat, rabbit. zoonotic |
| Family Trobiculidae include what mite | chigger mite |
| chigger mite | small (nearly microscopic), intense inflammatory responses to infestation. |
| chigger mite saliva | used to dissolve/ liquify host tissue for food. result necrotized skin forms "stylostome" feeding tube. |
| chigger parasitic stage | only larvae. ears of cats and dogs |
| mite treatment | 1.macrocyclic lactones 2.demodex 3.fipronel 4.mitaban dip 5.imidacloprid-moxidectin and permethrin |
| ctenocephalides felis common name | cat flea |
| ctenocephalides felis body shape | laterally compressed |
| ctenocephalides felis parasitic stage | adults on the host |
| ctenocephalides felis larva feed | on defecated blood and organic debris in env |
| ctenocephalides canis common name | dog flea |
| pulex simulans common name | false human flea |
| pulex simulans sp. infect | wild canids, rodents, opossums |
| flea lifecycle | obligate blood suckers. required for maturation and reporduction |
| larva flea feed on | digested blood and organic debris |
| flea stages found on the host | adult |
| flea stages found in the env | eggs, larvae, pupae |
| successful flea mitigation is based on what | 1. killing fleas on primary host 2.killing adult fleas on reservoir host 3.preventing fleas from immediate reinfestation 4.elimating larval stage in env |
| products that kill fleas on the host | 1.frontline (fipronil) 2.advantage (imidacloprid) 3.revolution (selemectin) 4. capstar(nitenpyram) |
| products for flea control | 1. comfortis (spinosad) 2.seresto collar 3. nexgard (afoxolaner) |
| products that kill fleas in env | 1.OTC products w/ methoprene/pyriproxyfen 2.revolution (selemectin) 3.program (lufenuron) |
| chewing and sucking lice lifecycle | direct. highly host specific. poorly adapted for life off host |
| chewing and sucking lice body morphology | dorso-ventrally flattened. wingless. |
| cat lice | Felicoia subrostratus |
| dog lice | 1. linognathus setosus 2. trichodectes canis |
| chewing lice body morphology | head wider than thorax |
| sucking lice body morphology | head more narrow than thorax |
| chewing lice feeding | bites skin, chews feathers and feeds on sloughed dermis, oozing blood/serum |
| chewing lice sp infect | birds and cats. grooming pressure |
| suckling lice feeding | pierces skin, sucks blood, hypoproteinemia |
| sucking lice sp infect | dogs, goats, horses, cows |
| pediculosis | louse infestation. associated with young animals |
| louse seasonal distribution | winter months w/ hair coat. crowed living. depressed immunity. low sunlight. poor nutrition |
| louse treatment/control in companion animal | 1.fipronil 2.imidacloprid 3. selamectin |
| louse treatment/control in domestic livestock | 1.macrocyclic lactones |
| human pediculosis | host sp. |
| 3 louse sp. that cause human pediculosis | 1. pediculus humanus capitis 2. p. humanus humanus 3. pthiris pubis |
| human pediculosis treatment | based on OTC pyrethroid products |
| reduviid bugs common name | kissing bugs or assassin bugs |
| reduviid bugs feeding type | vampire model. IH for Trypanosoma cruzi |
| reduviid bugs sp infect | dogs and cats |
| cimex lectularius common name | bedbug |
| cimex lectularius feeding type | vampire model. |
| cimex lectularius sp. infect | rabbits, poultry, pigeon, humans |
| flies general body morphology | 2 pair wings. antennae, 6 legs, segmented body |
| flies parasitic stages | adult or larvae. almost never both. |
| sand flies, mosquitoes, midgets general info | small, delicate flies, weak fliers, only females blood suckers |
| sand flies, mosquitoes, midgets habitat | aquatic |
| Lutzomyia/ phlebotomus | I.H for leishmania sp. moist dark habitats |
| cullicoides | queensland Itch. hypersensitivity rxn. Stagnate "nasty water" |
| simulium common name | black flies |
| simulium | painful bite, big swarms. fresh/clean, fast flowing water. controlled by avoidance of aquatic habitats |
| simulium clinical sig | depression, dysorexia, sub Q edema |
| Mosquitoes metamorphosis | complex. larvae aquatic and non parasitic |
| tabanus | horse fly, domestic livestock |
| chrysops | deer fly |
| types of non biting flies | 1. musca domestica 2. musca autumalis |
| musca domestica common name | common house fly |
| musca domestica IH for | Draschia/ habronema |
| musca autumalis common name | face fly |
| musca autumalis vector and IH for | Thelazia, Pink eye |
| musca autumalis feeds on | ocular/nasal discharge. host protein required for sexual maturation. chases biting flies off face to feed on blood |
| musca autumalis control | oviposition in fresh feces. feed through effect of insecticides. dust bags on barn entrance |
| types of biting flies | 1.hematobia irritans 2. stomoxys calcitrans |
| Hematobia irritans common name | Horn fly. most important ectoparasite of cattle |
| Stomoxys calcitrans common name | stable fly |
| Stomoxys calcitrans IH for | habronema, trypanasoma evansi |
| Stomoxys calcitrans vector for | EIA |
| Stomoxys calcitrans oviposit in | old feces, damp and decaying organic material |
| Hematobia irritans oviposit in | fresh manure |
| myiasis | tissue invasion by larval flies |
| primary myiasis | penetration of normal (healthy) tissues and fresh uninfected wounds |
| secondary myiasis | invasion of suprative wounds. feed on necrotic tissue |
| larval flies that perform primary myiasis | American Screwworm. Reportable to USDA |
| larval flies that perform secondary myiasis | Blow flies, calliophora, phormia, phaencia, flesh flies |
| Gastrophilidae common name | Bot flies |
| Gastrophilidae clinical sig | larvae are obligate of the digestive tract and subQ tissues. Adults free living, non feeding |
| Gastrophilidae sp infect | horse, dog, cat, aquirrel, sheep, cattle |
| Dermatobia hominis common name | human Bots. robust bot flies (cuterebridae) |
| Hypoderma spp. common name | cattle grubs |
| Hypoderma spp. clinical sig | larvae obligate parasites in healthy tissue. in any anatomical location. fatal infections |
| Dermatobia hominis clinical sig | larvae obligate parasites in healthy subQ tissues |
| oestrus spp. common name | head maggots |
| oestrus spp. clinical sig | larvae obligate parasites in nasal passages and paranasal sinuses |
| Treatment and prevention of bot flies | 1. removal of larvae 2.prophylactic treatment in cattle "Pour on" 3.not treated in sheep 4. GI bots in horses w/ macrocylcic lactones |
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ejohnson17
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