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Anatomy
exam 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epaxial muscles | lie dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. extend the vertebral column. |
| epaxial muscles general function | produce lateral movements when acting only on one side |
| hypaxial muscles | all other trunk muscles no included in the epaxial division. includes muscles of the thoracic and abdominal wall |
| hypaxial muscles general function | flex vertebral column |
| C6 radiograph landmark | expanded ventral laminae of transverse processes |
| C7 radiograph landmark | lacks transverse foramina. has caudal costal foveae |
| transverse ligament of the atlas | holds dense in place against fovea dentis |
| apical and alar ligaments of the dens | attach cranial end of dens to ventral aspect of foramen magnum |
| dorsal atlantoaxial ligament | thick ligament connecting spine of atlas to arch of atlas |
| supraspinous ligament | connects apices of spinous processes from Cd3 to T1. Fibrous CT |
| Nuchal ligament | cranial continuation of above into cervical region. Apex of T1 spinous process to spine of atlas. elastic. absent in cats |
| dorsal longitudinal ligament | dorsal to vertebral body. runs in floor of vertebral canal from the axis to the end of the vertebral canal in the causal region. inside vertebral canal |
| ventral longitudinal ligament | ventral to vertebral body. extends from sacrum to axis |
| interspinous ligaments | connect adjacent vertebral spines |
| yellow ligaments | extend between vertebral arches. dorsally bound epidural space between vertebrae |
| intercapital ligaments | connect left and right rib heads across dorsal aspect of anulus fibrosus from 2nd-10th rib. "bolsters" IV disk where present reducing incidence of extrusion in this region. |
| inspiratory muscles | function to enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity. draw air into lungs |
| expiratory muscles | function to diminish the volume of the thoracic cavity. expel air from lungs |
| what is the most important muscle of inspiration | diaphragm |
| muscles that function to draw the ribs cranially and out | 1.scalenus 2.serratus dorsalis cranialis |
| scalenus m. function in inspiration | attached to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae cranially and the first few ribs caudally |
| serratus dorsalis cranialis m function in inspiration | arises from the thoracolumbar fascia and courses caudoventrally to the craniolateral surface of ribs 2-10 |
| expiration is a function of what | elastic recoil of lungs. passive process |
| forceful expiration | contraction of muscles of the abdominal wall and serratus dorsalis caudalis |
| serratus dorsalis caudalis m. function in expiration | courses cranioventrally from the thoracolumbar fascia to the caudal surfaces of the last few ribs |
| intercostal muscles | run from rib to rib and function to unite the ribs together. |
| muscle fiber direction of external intercostal mm | caudoventrally |
| muscle fiber direction of internal intercostal mm. | cranioventrally |
| sternal ribs | true. attach to the sternum. ribs 1-9 |
| asternal ribs | false. caudal to the sternum. ribs 10-13 |
| costal arch | united costal cartilages of ribs 10-12 |
| floating rib | 13th rib fails to make contact with the costal arch and instead ends freely in the flank. |
| lumbocostal arch | sympathetic trunk and major splanchnic nerve |
| aortic hiatus | aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct |
| esophageal hiatus | esophagus, dorsal/vental vagal trunk |
| caval forament | caudal vena cava |
| endothoracic fascia | suberous fascia. connective tissue lining the thoracic cavity and attaching the pleurae to the thoracic wall and diaphragm. cranially passes through thoracic inlet and blends with the deep cervical fascia |
| pleura | mesothelial membrane which lines the thoracic cavity. encloses the mediastinum and covers the lungs to create 2 pleural cavities within the thoracic cavity. |
| mesothelium | simple squamous epithelium which lines the body cavity. form within the mesoderm |
| mediastinum | midline partition of the thorax which separates the 2 pleural cavities. 2 layers of mediastinal pleurae and the space b/w them. |
| what is enclosed within the mediastinum | thymus, lymph nodes, heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, nerves, vessels |
| pulmonary pleura is what type of pleura | visceral |
| costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic pleura is what type of pleura | parietal |
| ligaments and folds are what type of pleura | connecting |
| pericardium | fibroserous covering of the heart |
| serous pericardium | mesothelial sac enclosing the pericardial cavity. |
| fibeous pericardium | fibrous CT covering the parietal layer of serous pericardium. |
| pericardial sac | composite structure, consisting of 3 layers that surrounds the pericardial cavity. |
| fibrous pericardium clinical sig | prevents sig distension of the pericardial cavity in the short term. excessive fluid accumulation results in compression of heart. |
| carina | midline cartilaginous crest where trachea divides into right and left principal bronchi |
| tracheal bifurcation | dorsal to the cranial part of the base of the heart |
| lobes of left lung | cranial and caudal. cranial divided into cranial and caudal |
| lobes of right lung | cranial, caudal, middle, accessory |
| cardiac notch | low in the right 4th and 5th intercostal space. right lung |
| pulmonary arteries | carry non aerated blood from the right ventricle to the heart to the lungs for gaseous exchange. functional blood supply |
| bronchoesophageal artery | keep lung tissue alive. from the right 5th intercostal artery |
| the heart sits roughly from what intercostal spaces in avg dog | 3-6. 2-6 in cats |
| long axis of the heart slopes what direction | caudoventrally |
| main part of rt atrium | sinus venarum |
| blind part of rt atrium | rt auricle |
| coronary sinus | venous return from the heart itself |
| intervenous tubercle | diverts inflowing blood from caval veins into rt A-V orifice |
| pectinate mm | interlacing muscular bands which strengthen atrial wall |
| conus arteriosus | funnel shaped part of rt ventricle leading to pulmonary trunk |
| paillary mm | conical shaped muscular projections that give rise to the chordae tendinae |
| chordae tendinae | prevent eversion of A-V valves. "parachute cords" |
| trabeculae carneae | myocardial ridges on lining of ventricles |
| trabecula septomarginalis | conducts purkinje fibers across lumen of ventricle |
| systole | contraction |
| diastole | relaxation |
| s1 "lub" | closure of AV valves |
| s2 "dub" | closure of semilinar valves |
| pulmonary PMI | Low in left 3rd |
| aortic PMI | High in left 4th |
| left AV valve | low in left 5th |
| right AV valve | low in right 4th |
| thoracic duct lymph | empties near the left venous angle. receives lymph from 3/4 of body |
| right lymphatic duct | empties near the right venous angle. receives lymph from rt half of head and neck and rt thoracic limb and shoulder |
| unique features of fetal bio | 1.lungs are shrunken,nonfunctional, resistant to blood flow 2.oxygenation and nutrient waste exchange via placenta |
| umbilical arteries | carry fetal blood out through the umbilical cord to the placenta for nutrient waste exchange |
| umbilical vein | returns fetal blood from placenta to fetus. umbilical cord to liver and continues through the liver as a channel (ductus venosus) |
| foramen ovale | passage through interatrial septum. allows some of the blood to bypass the lungs by flowing directly from the right atrium to the left atrium |
| ductus arteriosus | vascular connection b/w pulmonary trunk and aorta. allows most of the blood from the rt ventricle to bypass the nonfunctional lungs. pass directly into aorta |
| pre bladder portions of umbilica artery regress to form | round ligaments of the urinary bladder |
| umbilical vein becomes | round ligament of liver |
| round ligament of liver | a fibrous cord that courses within the falciform ligament from the umbilicus to the liver |
| ductus venosus becomes | ligamentum venosum |
| ductus arteriosus becomes | ligamentum arteriosum |
| Foramen ovale fibroses to become | fossa ovalis |
| cerebellum | coordination |
| brainstem | relay center. junior management. part brain/part spinal cord |
| cerebrum | association decision making. planning. |
| gray matter | cell bodies with nuclei |
| white matter | tracts |
| primary afferent neurons | conduct sensory impulses from the periphery into CNS |
| final efferent neuron | conduct motor impulse from the CNS to the periphery. "lower motor neurons" |
| interneurons | relatively short neurons interposed b/w afferent and efferent neurons. located entirely w/in CNS. exitatory or inhibitory |
| projection neurons | located in CNS.send their axons longer distances before terminating. |
| projection neurons: cell body in spinal cord | most project cranially to terminate in a neuronal population in the brain. ascending tract |
| projection neuron: nucleus or cortex of brain | axon extends caudally to terminate in the brainstem or spinal cord on a LM, direct or via interneuron. descending tract. "upper motor neurons" |
| dorsal root | sensory, afferent |
| ventral root | motor, efferent |
| dorsal and ventral root combine to form | spinal nerve |
| spinal nerve divides into | dorsal, ventral, communicating branch |
| dorsal branch | motor and sensory |
| ventral branch | motor and sensory |
| communicating branch | ramus communication. sympathetics only |
| afferent (sensory) | conduct impulses toward CNS |
| efferent (motor) | conduct impulses away from CNS |
| Somatic | main body mass |
| visceral | organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscle, glands |
| general somatic efferent | GSE.multipolar neurons that supply the skeletal muscles of body. single neuron extends all the way from the CNS to muscle fibers involved |
| general visceral efferent | GVE. multipolar neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands. Consist of 2 neuron chain b/w CNS and effector organ |
| in GVE nerves where is the first neuron cell body | in the CNS. either brainstem or intermediolateral gray horn |
| in GVE nerves where is the second neuron cell body | ganglion |
| General somatic afferent | GSA. Pseudounipolar neurons that carry sensory information form the somatic body systems. skin musculoskeletal system. cell bodies in sensory ganglia. |
| general visceral afferent | pseudounipolar neurons that carry sensory information from the visceral body systems. organs, blood vessels. cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia |
| special somatic afferent | SSA. specialized neurons that carry visual and auditory information. |
| specialized visceral afferent | SVA. specialized neurons that carry taste and smell sensations. |
| efferents control | striated skeletal muscle |
| afferents control | sensory information related to cutaneous sensation from muscles, tendons, and joints |
| somatic nervous system is composed of what | efferents and afferents |
| autonomic nervous system | controls involuntary visceral activity in order to maintain homeostasis or respond to stress. GVE, GVA. |
| GVE is divided into what | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| sympathetic | fight or flight. thoracolumbar. T1-L5 |
| parasympathetic | homeostasis, crainosacral. nuclei in brain stem, sacral spinal cord |
| first part of any nerve pathway | lateral grey horn, ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk |
| clock analogy: 11-1 | aortic arch |
| clock analogy: 1-2 | pulmonary trunk |
| clock analogy: 2:20-3 | left auricle |
| clock analogy: 2-5 | right auricle |
| clock analogy: 5-9 | right ventricle |
| clock analogy: 9-11 | right atrium |
| branches of subclavian artery | 1. verebral 2.costocervical 3.superficial cervical 4.internal thoracic |
| vertebral artery supplies | branches to brain and spinal cord. and muscles adjacent to cervical vertebra |
| costcervical trunk supplies | first few intercostal spaces dorsally and deep tissues at/near base of neck |
| superficial cervical artery supplies | superficial muscles and tissues at/near base of neck |
| internal thoracic artery supplies | intercostal arteries ventrally |
| branches of axillary artery | 1.external thoracic artery 2.lateral thoracic artery 3.subsapular artery 4.cranial circumflex humeral artery |
| external thoracic artery supplies | superficial pectoral M |
| lateral thoracic artery supplies | deep pectoral muscle and other nearby muscle/tissue |
| subsapular artery is formed by | thoracodorsal artery and caudal circumflex humeral artery |
| thoracodorsal artery supplies | latissimus dorsi |
| caudal circumflex humeral artery supplies | hooks laterally behind humeral joint to supply adjacent muscles and joint capsule |
| cranial circumflex humeral artery supplies | courses cranially and passes under proximal end of biceps brachii. supplies adjacent muscles and joint capsule. |
| branches of brachial artery | 1.collateral ulnar artery 2.superficial brachial artery 3.transverse cubital artery 4.common interosseus artery |
| the superficial brachial artery becomes what | cranial superficial antebrachial artery |
| collateral ulnar artery supplies | courses with ulnar nerve in distal 1/3 of brachium and adjacent tissues |
| superficial brachial artery supplies | manus |
| transverse cubital artery supplies | cubital joint and adjacent structures |
| common interosseus artery divides into what | 1.cranial interosseus artery 2.caudal interosseus artery 3.ulnar artery |
| cranial interosseus artery supplies | craniolateral muscles of antebrachium |
| caudal interosseus artery supplies | manus |
| ulnar artery supplies | courses caudally to joint ulnar nerve in antebrachium and supply adjacent muscles |
| branches of median artery | 1.deep antebrachial artery 2.radial artery |
| deep antebrachial artery supplies | caudomedial muscles of antebrachium. |
| radial artery supplies | manus. main supply in cat |
| the median artery becomes | superficial palmar arch |
| superficial palmar arch supplies | manus. main supply in dog |
| superficial parmar arch becomes | palmar common digital arteries |
| palmar common digital arteries supplies | SDF and DDF |
| Superficial vessels/nerves in metacarpus | 1.dorsal common digital 2.palmar common digitial |
| deep vessels/nerves in metacarpus | 1.dorsal metacarpal 2.palmar metacarpal |
| vessels/nerves in digits | dorsal/palmar axial/abaxial proper digital |
| superficial veins | accessory cephalic, cephalic, median cubital, axillobrachial, omobrachial |
| brachial plexus | formed by ventral branches of C6-T2 spinal nerves |
| nerves of brachial plexus that innervate extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb | 1.cranial pectoral nerves 2.long thoracic nerve 3.thoracodorsal nerve 4.lateral thoracic nerve 5.caudal pectoral nerve |
| cranial pectoral nerves arise from | cranial portion of plexus |
| cranial pectoral nerves innervate | superficial pectoral muscles. descending and transverse |
| caudal pectoral nerves arise from | corse caudoventrally to deep pectoral m. |
| caudal pectoral nerves innervate | deep pectoral muscle |
| long thoracic nerve arise from | passes caudally on lateral surface of thoracic part of serratus ventralis m. |
| long thoracic nerve innervates | serratus ventralis m |
| thoracodorsal nerve arise from | course with thoracodorsal vessels on medial surface of latissimus dorsi |
| thoracodorsal nerve innervates | latissimus dorsi muscle |
| lateral thoracic nerve arise from | common trunk with caudal pectoral nerve. courses caudally with lateral thoracic vessels, passing medial to axillary LN, b/w adjacent borders of the latissimus dorsi and deep pectoral m. |
| lateral thoracic nerve innervates | cutaneus trunci muscle (preputial m). |
| suprascapular (c5), 6,7 | lateral stabilizers of humeral jt. supraspinatus and infraspinatus |
| subscapular c6,7 | medial stabilizer of humeral jt. subscapularis |
| musculocutaneous c6,7,8 | flex cubital jt, cranial m. of brachium. biceps brachii, brachialis |
| axillary c6,7,8 | flex humeral jt. deltoideus, teres major, teres minor |
| radial c7,8, T1, 2 | extend cubital jt, caudal muscle of brachium. Triceps brachii. extend carpal and digital jt. cranial muscles of antebrachium. Extensor carpi radialis, Common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor |
| median C8, T1, 2. Ulnar C8, T1,2 | flexors of carpal and digital jt. caudomedio muscles of antebrachium. flexor carpi radialis, SDF, DDF |
| suprascapular nerve arises from | passes b/w supraspinatus and subscapularis m. on medial side. courses over scapular notch and continues across the neck of scapula. subject to injury |
| suprascapular nerve innervates | lateral stabilizer of humeral jt. supraspinatus and infraspinatus m. |
| suprascapular nerve injury | paralysis of the subscapular nerve results in atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. "sweeney" |
| subscapular nerve arises from | often doubles as it enters the subscapularis m. near humeral jt |
| subscapular nerve | subscapularis m. |
| axillary nerve arises from | dives laterally b/w subscapularis and teres major m. |
| axillary nerve innervates | flexor muscles of humeral jt: Teres major/minor, deltoideus. Skin of lateral aspect of brachium, skin of cranial aspect of antebrachium |
| axillary nerve injury | reduced ability to flex humeral jt |
| musculocutaneous nerve arises from | courses distally b/w biceps brachii m. and brachial vessels |
| musculocutaneous nerve innervation | cranial muscles of brachium: biceps brachii m., brachialis m. coracorachilis m. skin of medial antebrachium skin of palmar manus |
| musculocutaneous nerve injury | markedly reduced ability to flex cubital jt |
| radial nerve arises from | laterally and distally to teres major muscle. gives off muscular branches to extensors of cubital jt. courses craniolaterally b/w lateral head of triceps brachii and brachialis m. |
| radial nerve divides into | superficial br, deep br. |
| radial nerve innervates | caudal muscles of brachium, craniolateral muscles of antebrachium. skin over craniolateral aspect of antebrachium and dorsum of manus |
| high radial paralysis | near brachial plexus. every action below affected. No extension of cubital jt, not able to bear wt. Amputation |
| low radial paralysis | still extend cubital jt. no function below. proprioception affected. |
| loss of cutaneous sensation | no motor decepts. no cutaneous sensation. no proprioception. |
| median nerve arises from | courses distally with brachial and median artery |
| median nerve innervation | caudomedial muscles of antebrachium. skin of palmar manus |
| ulnar nerve arises from. | initially runs with median |
| ulnar nerve gives rise to | caudal cutaneous antebrachial n. courses caudal to medial epicondyle of humerus. |
| ulnar nerve innervation | caudomedial muscle of antebrachium. inerossei m. skin of caudal antebrachium, skin of palmar muscle, skin over later aspect of 5th digit (abaxial). |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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