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bacterfinal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Very small, gram-negative rods | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Optimal growth on enriched media | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Non-motile, oxidase-positive, facultative anaerobes | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Most species are catalase-positive | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Some specie grow on MacConkey agar | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Bipolar staining is prominent in smears from lesions, using Giemsa method | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Commensals in the upper respiratory tract | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Respiratory pathogens | Pasteurella and Mannheimia species |
| Species of veterinary importance | Pasteurella multocida |
| Atrophic rhinitis in pigs; Fowl cholera in poultry; Haemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes; Snuffles in rabbits; Pneumonia in cattle, pigs and sheep | Pasteurella multocida |
| Septicemia in sheep (5 to 12 months) | Pasteurella trehalosi |
| Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) | Mannheimia haemolytica |
| Septicemia in sheep (< 3months) | Mannheimia haemolytica |
| Causative agent: P. multocida (toxigenic strains)severe, progressive form of atrophic rhinitis | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Bordetella bronchiseptica may cause mild, nonprogressive turbinate atrophy without significant distortion of the snout (presence may predispose to infection with toxigenic strain of P. multocida and increase the severity of the disease) | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Young pigs are more susceptible (but nonimmune pigs of any age can be infected) | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Clinical signs: Excessive lacrimation, sneezing and occasional epistaxis | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Snout gradually becomes shortened and wrinkled and as the disease progresses, a distinct lateral deviation of the snout develops | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Is rarely fatal | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Affected pigs are usually underweight and damage to the turbinate bones may predispose to secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract | Atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
| Is a primary avian pasteurellosis caused by P. multocida (capsular type) | Fowl cholera |
| Highly contagious disease of domestic and wild birds | Fowl cholera |
| Causes acute septicemia and often fatal | Fowl cholera |
| Turkeys are more susceptible than chickens | Fowl cholera |
| Postmortem lesions: hemorrhages on serous surfaces and accumulation of fluid in body cavities | Fowl cholera |
| Swollen wattles, sternal bursae and joints are often seen | Fowl cholera |
| Acute septicemic form of the disease --- characteristic bipolar-staining organisms detected in blood smears | Fowl cholera |
| P. multocida can be isolated from blood, bone marrow, liver or spleen (difficult from chronic lesions) | Fowl cholera |
| Medication of feed or water with sulfonamides or tetracyclines given early will reduce mortality | Fowl cholera |
| Polyvalent adjuvant bacterins are widely used | Fowl cholera |
| Autogenous vaccines ca be used if commercial vaccines are ineffective. MLV are also available | Fowl cholera |
| Causative agent: P. multocida (serotype B in Asia, Middle East and some southern European countries; serotype E in Africa) | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Is a reportable disease in the U.S and in countries where it is considered exotic | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Acute, potentially fatal septicemia mainly affecting buffaloes and cattle (buffaloes are more susceptible) | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Predisposing factors: overwork, poor body condition and monsoon rains | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Explosive outbreaks occur if an active carrier is introduced into a stressed susceptible population | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Clinical signs: Death can occur without prior signs within 24 hrs of infection; sudden onset of fever, respiratory distress, characteristic edema of the laryngeal region, edema may extend to the throat, parotid regions and to the brisket | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Recumbency is followed by death due to endotoxemia | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Mortality are usually >50% and can be 100% | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| History of acute disease with high mortality in endemic area suggest presumptive diagnosis of the disease | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Gross pathological lesions: widespread petechial hemorrhages, enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes and blood-tinged fluid in the pleural cavity and the pericardial sac | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Giemsa-stained blood smears from a recently-dead animal bipolar-staining organisms | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Isolation, identification and serotyping of P. multocida isolate is confirmatory | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Antibody titer of 1:160 or > in an indirect HA test is indicative of recent exposure to the pathogen | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Antibiotic therapy early is effective (although susceptible to penicillin, tetracycline are more often used) | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Slaughter policy of affected and in-contact animals are pursued in countries where the disease is exotic | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Vaccines: Bacterins and MLV are available | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Latent carriers detected by immunochemical techniques on samples of tonsillar tissue | Haemorrhagic septicemia |
| Common, recurring, purulent rhinitis, caused by P. multocida | Snuffles in rabbits |
| B. bronchiseptica may sometimes cause similar clinical signs (important for D/D) | Snuffles in rabbits |
| Clinical disease often precipitated by stress factors such as overcrowding, chilling, transportation, concurrent infection, poor ventilation (high levels of ammonia) | Snuffles in rabbits |
| Characterized by purulent nasal discharge, sneezing and coughing with conjunctivitis, otitis media and subcutaneous abscessation | Snuffles in rabbits |
| Antibiotic may be useful but no vaccines available | Snuffles in rabbits |
| Caused by M. haemolytica (although P. multocida has also been isolated) | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Characterized by severe bronchopneumonia and pleurisy, most commonly in young cattle within weeks of being subjected to stress ( transportation to feedlots and close confinement) | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Several respiratory viruses (parainfluenza virus 3, bovine herpes virus 1 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus may predispose to bacterial invasion | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Characteristic PM lesions: Cranial lobes of the lungs are red, swollen and consolidated with often overlying fibrinous pleurisy | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Clinical signs: Sudden onset of fever, depression, anorexia and serous nasal discharge (mixed infections --- cough and ocular discharge) | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Morbidity can be 50% with mortality (1 –10%) | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| History of exposure to stress with sudden onset of respiratory disease | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Cytospin prep. from bronchoalveloar lavage --- large numbers of neutrophils | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Isolation of M. haemolytica from bronchoalveolar lavage or lung tissue is confirmatory | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Affected animals must be isolated and treated early | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Minimize stress factors (castration, dehorning, branding should be done several weeks before transportation). Vaccination against respiratory pathogens should be completed at least 3 weeks before transportation | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Vaccines (modified leukotoxin and surface antigens) may induce protection | Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) |
| Species of veterinary importance: F. tularensis | Genus: Francisella |
| Gram-negative, coccobacillary rods | Genus: Francisella |
| Non-motile, obligate aerobes | Genus: Francisella |
| No growth on MacConkey agar | Genus: Francisella |
| Oxidase-negative, catalase-positive | Genus: Francisella |
| Facultative intracellular pathogen | Genus: Francisella |
| Survival in environment 4 months | Genus: Francisella |
| Wildlife reservoirs and arthropods important in epidemiology | Genus: Francisella |
| Causes tularaemia in animals and humans | Genus: Francisella |
| Highly virulent Type A strain; confined to North America; cause classical tularaemia in animals and humans; reservoirs – rabbits, rodents, birds and deer | F. tularensis subsp. tularensis |
| Less virulent Type B strain; present in North America and Eurasia; cause less serious disease in animals and humans; reservoirs – aquatic mammals (beavers and muskrats) | F. tularensis subsp. holarctica |
| Ticks(Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni and Amblyomma americanum) and the deerfly (Chrysops discalis) | Francisella tularensis |
| Direct transmission between domestic animals is uncommon | Francisella tularensis |
| Common in endemic areas (outbreaks are relatively rare) | Tularaemia in domestic animals |
| Disease has been reported in sheep, horses and young pigs | Tularaemia in domestic animals |
| Adult pigs and cattle are relatively resistant | Tularaemia in domestic animals |
| Dogs and cats can be infected and seroconvert without clinical signs of the disease | Tularaemia in domestic animals |
| Usually occurs through skin abrasions or by arthropod bites | Francisella tularensis |
| Can also acquire by inhalation or by ingestion | Francisella tularensis |
| Facultative intracellular pathogen can survive in macrophages(inhibits phagosome /lysosome fusion) | Francisella tularensis |
| Lymphadenitis (local or generalized) is a constant finding and septicemia is common; pale necrotic foci in enlarged superficial lymph nodes; miliary lesions in the liver and spleen; primary pulmonary lesions due to aerosol inhalation have been described i | Francisella tularensis |
| Characterized by fever, depression, stiffness and other manifestations of septicemia | Francisella tularensis |
| Although clinical signs are non-specific, heavy tick infestation in severely ill animals in endemic regions may be suggestive of tularaemia | Francisella tularensis |
| Specimens: Blood for serology; scrapings from ulcers; lymph nodes aspirates; biopsy material or postmortem samples from affected tissues | Francisella tularensis |
| Agglutination titers (1:80 or >) is presumptive with rising antibody titer indicative of active infection | Francisella tularensis |
| FA technique – tissues, exudates or cultures | Francisella tularensis |
| Isolation must be carried out in biohazard cabinet, with special precautions when handling | Francisella tularensis |
| Glucose-cysteine-blood agar ( with antibiotics if contaminated samples) and incubated at 37 deg. C for up to 7 days | Francisella tularensis |
| Identification criteria: Small, grey, mucoid colonies with narrow zone of incomplete hemolysis after 3 to 4 days of incubation; IF to confirm; Slide agglutination test; PCR | Francisella tularensis |
| Effective antibiotics:Amikacin,streptomycin, imipenum-cilastatin and the fluoroquinolones | Francisella tularensis |
| High relapse rate may occur if treated with bacteriostatic antibiotics | Francisella tularensis |
| No commercial vaccines available | Francisella tularensis |
| Ectoparasite control is essential (Removal of ticks from dogs and cats) | Francisella tularensis |
| Serious and potentially fatal infection, often presents as a slow-healing ulcer accompanied by lymphadenopathy | Tularaemia in humans |
| Individuals at risk are hunters, trappers, veterinarians and laboratory workers (should take precautions when handling suspect animals or materials) | Tularaemia in humans |
| A modified live vaccine available for personnel working with F. tularensis in specialized labs | Tularaemia in humans |
| Species of veterinary importance: | Histophilus |
| Haemophilus somnus: Cattle | Histophilus |
| Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME), septicemia, bronchopneumonia (in association with other pathogens); sporadic reproductive tract infections | Histophilus |
| Haemophilus somnus (ovine strains): | Histophilus Sheep |
| Epididymitis in young rams; vulvitis, mastitis and reduced reproductive performance in ewes; septicemia, arthritis, meningitis and pneumonia in lambs | Histophilus |
| Species of veterinary importance: | Haemophilus parasuis: Pigs |
| Glasser’s disease; secondary invader in respiratory disease | Histophilus |
| Haemophilus paragallinarum | Infectious coryza in chickens |
| Causative agent: H. somnus | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Normal bacterial flora of the male and female bovine genital tracts (can also colonize the upper respiratory tract | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Environmental stress factors predispose for development of clinical disease | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Transmission: direct contact or aerosols | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| 25% of cattle have antibodies to H. somnus | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Clinical signs: Septicemia many organ systems involved | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| High fever, depression, blindness, lameness and ataxia; sudden death, myocarditis; survivors of acute phase --- arthritis | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Sporadic cases of abortion, endometritis, otitis and mastitis | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Severe neurological signs in young feedlot cattle may be indicative of TME | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Multiple foci of hemorrhagic necrosis in the brain at PM is a consistent finding | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Vasculitis, thrombosis and hemorrhage detected histologically in brain, heart and other organs | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Confirmation is by isolation and identification of H. somnus from CSF, postmortem lesionsor aborted fetuses | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Animals with clinical signs of septicemia should be isolated and those at risk closely monitored for early signs of the disease | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Bacterins may reduce morbidity and mortality if given I month before anticipated outbreaks | Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) |
| Causative agent: H. parasuis | Glasser’s disease |
| Characterized by polyserositis and leptomeningitis and sometimes polyarthritis | Glasser’s disease |
| Affects usually pigs from weaning up to 12 weeks of age | Glasser’s disease |
| Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract | Glasser’s disease |
| Piglets acquire the organism from the sows shortly after birth, direct contact or aerosols | Glasser’s disease |
| Maternal-derived antibodies prevent development of clinical signs and active immunity usually established by 7 to 8 weeks of age | Glasser’s disease |
| Anorexia, pyrexia, lameness, recumbency and convulsions are characteristic features of the disease | Glasser’s disease |
| Cyanosis and thickening of the pinnae are often encountered | Glasser’s disease |
| May die without any signs of illness | Glasser’s disease |
| Streptococcus suis and Mycoplasma hyorhinis will produce similar clinicopathological changes (Important for D/D) | Glasser’s disease |
| PM findings: Fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis | Glasser’s disease |
| Isolation and identification of H. parasuis from joint fluid, heart blood, CSF or PM tissues is confirmatory | Glasser’s disease |
| Causative agent: H. paragallinarum | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Affects the upper respiratory tract and paranasal sinuses of chickens | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Economic importance: Weight loss in broilers and loss in egg production in layers | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Chronically ill and clinically normal carrier birds act as reservoirs of infection | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Transmission: direct contact, aerosols or contaminated drinking water | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Chickens susceptible at about 4 weeks of age and susceptibility increases with age | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Mild form, depression, serous nasal discharge and slight facial swelling | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Severe form, swelling of one or both infraorbital sinuses and edema of the surrounding tissues which may extend to the wattles; marked drop in egg production; PM findings: a copious, tenacious exudate in the infraorbital sinuses, tracheitis, bronchitis | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Facial swelling is a characteristic finding | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Isolation and identification of H. paragallinarum from infraorbital sinuses is confirmatory | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Immunoperoxidase staining to demonstrate the organism in the tissues of the nasal passages and sinuses | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Serological tests: ELISA, AGID tests | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Medication of water and feed with oxytetracycline or erythromycin given early in outbreak | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| An all-in/all-out management program with replacement birds from coryza-free stock | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Good management of poultry units minimizes the risk of infection | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Bacterins useful in farms where the disease recurs | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Vaccines should be given about 3 weeks before outbreaks of coryza is anticipated | Infectious coryza of chickens |
| Species of veterinary importance: T. equigenitalis | Genus: Taylorella |
| Causative agent of Contagious equine metritis (CEM) | Genus: Taylorella |
| Short gram-negative rods and non-motile | Genus: Taylorella |
| Optimal growth on chocolate agar | Genus: Taylorella |
| Microaerophilic, requires 5-10% CO2 | Genus: Taylorella |
| Catalase-, oxidase- and phosphatase- positive | Genus: Taylorella |
| Does not grow on MacConkey agar | Genus: Taylorella |
| Found in genital tract of stallions(urethral fossa), mares(clitoral fossa)and foals | Genus: Taylorella |
| First reported as clinical entity 1977 in thoroughbred in Britain,Ireland, reported in other European countries,USA,Australia,Japan | Contagious equine metritis |
| Highly contagious, localize venereal disease characterize by mucopurulent vulvular discharge cause temporary infertility in mare | Contagious equine metritis |
| Economic importance, disrupts breeding program on thoroughbred stud farms | Contagious equine metritis |
| Infected stallions and mares are the main reservoirs of infection | Contagious equine metritis |
| Transmission usualy occur during coitus (also by contaminated instrument) | Contagious equine metritis |
| Spontaneous ascending infection in mare doesn’t occur, T. equigenitalis must be deposited in uterus to establish infection | Contagious equine metritis |
| Foals born to infected dams may acquire infection in utero or during parturition | Contagious equine metritis |
| T. equigenitalis isolated from >75% of offspring of infected mares at 2to4 weeks of age,these offspring & mares that have recovered may act as source of infection | Contagious equine metritis |
| Preejaculatory fluid and semen may be contaminated with T.equigenitalis from the urethral fossa | Contagious equine metritis |
| Evidence of prevalence of strains of differing pathogenicity exists | Contagious equine metritis |
| After introduction of pathogenic organism into the uterus, they replicate and induce an acute endometritis | Contagious equine metritis |
| Initially, mononuclear cell and plasma-cell infiltration predominates (a feature rarely observed in acute bacterial endometritis) | Contagious equine metritis |
| Later, migration of neutrophils into the uterine lumen produce a profuse mucopurulent exudate | Contagious equine metritis |
| Pathogens may persist in the uterus, acute endometrial changes subside within a few days | Contagious equine metritis |
| Clinical signs:Infected stallion(minority of infected nares)remain asymptomatic,infected mares develop copious mucopurulent vulvular discharge without systemic disturbance in few days of service by a carrier stallion, discharge may continue | Contagious equine metritis |
| A copious, mucopurulent discharge 2 to 7 days after service may indicate CEM | Contagious equine metritis |
| Specimens should be collected before and during breeding season | Contagious equine metritis |
| Swabs (double-guarded swab) from mares: Clitoral fossa, endometrium at estrus | Contagious equine metritis |
| Swabs from foals (<3 months of age) Clitoral fossa (fillies) penile sheath and tip of the penis (colts) | Contagious equine metritis |
| Swabs from stallions:Urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid | Contagious equine metritis |
| Colony characteristics, small, smooth, yellowish grey with entire edge | Contagious equine metritis |
| Positive catalase, oxidase and phosphatase tests | Contagious equine metritis |
| Slide agglutination test using high titered antiserum on the culture | Contagious equine metritis |
| FA test, rendered specific following absorption with M. haemolytica | Contagious equine metritis |
| Latex agglutination test kit (available commercially) | Contagious equine metritis |
| Is a reportable disease in many countries | Contagious equine metritis |
| Control regimens based on lab detection of asymptomatic carriers and clinical infections in animals used for breeding | Contagious equine metritis |
| Appropriate, routine hygienic methods on stud farms to prevent lateral spread | Contagious equine metritis |
| If CEM is detected on stud farms, breeding services should be stopped immediately | Contagious equine metritis |
| Animals treated for CEM, should be tested to be free from pathogen | Contagious equine metritis |
| No vaccines available for CEM | Contagious equine metritis |
| Small, gram negative rods (coccobacillus) | Genus: Bordetella |
| Growth on nonenriched media & MacConkey | Genus: Bordetella |
| Motile (peritrichous flagella) | Genus: Bordetella |
| Oxidase and catalase positive | Genus: Bordetella |
| Strict aerobes | Genus: Bordetella |
| B. bronchiseptica is hemolytic and B. avium is nonhemolytic | Genus: Bordetella |
| Toxigenic strains agglutinate mammalian RBCs | Genus: Bordetella |
| Commensals of upper respiratory tract | Genus: Bordetella |
| Causes respiratory disease in mammals and birds | Genus: Bordetella |
| Affinity for ciliated epithelium | Bordetella |
| Bordetella toxins: | 1. Heat labile toxin: 2. tracheal cytotoxin |
| 1. Heat labile toxin | Dermonecrotoxic toxin (induces skin necrosis, impairs osteogenesis),Smooth muscle of vessel,Arterial constriction |
| 2. Tracheal cytotoxin | Inhibits ciliary action, Destruction of ciliated cells |
| stimulates cytokine release, fever | LPS endotoxin Genus: Bordetella |
| Inhibits phagocytosis, Inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion | Adenylate cyclase haemolysin (Except B. avium) Genus: Bordetella |
| Bordetella bronchiseptica | Species of veterinary importance |
| Atrophic rhinitis in pigs,Canine infectious tracheobronchitis(kennel cough)in dogs, Pneumonia in kitten,Resp infection in horses,URI in rabbit,Bronchopneumonia in lab rodents | Bordetella bronchiseptica |
| Coryza in turkeys (Turkey coryza) | Bordetella avium |
| Pneumonia in lambs | Bordetella parapetussis |
| Also known as kennel cough | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| One of the most prevalent respiratory disease complexes of dogs | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Most important participating pathogens, Canine parainfluenza virus 2(PI-2)and Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2) | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Other microbial pathogens involved,Canine distemper virus,CAV-1,Canine herpesvirus 1, Reoviruses 1,2,3 and Mycoplasma species | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Most important bacterial pathogen, Bordetella bronchiseptica | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Tx, respiratory secretion(direct or aerosol) mechanical transfer on footwear or clothing, contaminated feeding utensils (fomites)common in kennels,petshops & animal shelters | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Morbidity may reach 50%, mortality is low | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Organism may remain in respiratory tract and shed for several months after recovery | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Clinical sign in 3to4 day,persist to 14days, coughing,gagging with mild serous oculonasal discharge,active,alert & nonfebrile,usually selflimiting unless complicated by bronchopneumonia(unvaccinated pup) | Canine infectious tracheobronchitis |
| Toxigenic strains of B. bronchiseptica are widely distributed in pig herds | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Can cause turbinate hypoplasia without distortion of snout in young piglet(4 weeks of age) | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Infection of B. bronchiseptica may facilitate colonize of toxigenic strains of P. multocida with subsequent development of severe atrophic rhinitis with distortion of snout | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Predisposing factors: overcrowding and poor ventilation | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Most severe form of atrophic rhinitis: concurrent infection of B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Causative agent: Bordetella avium | Turkey coryza |
| Highly, contagious upper respiratory tract disease of turkey poults | Turkey coryza |
| High morbidity and low mortality | Turkey coryza |
| Transmission: direct contact; aerosols and environmental sources | Turkey coryza |
| Characterized by mucus accumulation in the nares, swelling in the submaxillary sinuses; beak breathing, excesive lacrimaton and sneezing | Turkey coryza |
| Predisposes for secondary bacterial infections (E. coli) --- more serious with high mortality | Turkey coryza |
| Upper respiratory tract,Frothy discharge from eye, Lacrimation,Sneezing, Excessive upper respiratory mucus production,Cough,Tracheal collapse | Bordetella avium |
| Species of veterinary importance: moraxella genus | Moraxella bovis |
| Causative agent of Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (“pinkeye”) | Genus:MORAXELLA |
| Important ocular disease of cattle and occurs worldwide | Genus:MORAXELLA |
| Short, plump gram-negative rods, usually in pairs | Genus:MORAXELLA |
| Optimal growth in enriched media (growth enhanced by the addition of serum to media) | Genus:MORAXELLA |
| Aerobic, non-motile | Moraxella bovis |
| Usually catalase- and oxidase-positive | Moraxella bovis |
| Unreactive with sugar substrates | Moraxella bovis |
| Virulent strains are fimbriated and hemolytic | Moraxella bovis |
| Susceptible for desiccation | Moraxella bovis |
| Found on mucus membranes of carrier cattle | Moraxella bovis |
| Highly contagious disease, usually in animals under 2 years of age | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Economic loss due to decreased weight gain in beef breeds, loss of milk production, disruption of breeding programs & treatment costs | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Transmission: direct contact, aerosols, thru flies acting as vectors | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Virulence attributed to the fimbriae, which allow adherence of the organism to the cornea | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Initially manifests as blepharoplasm, conjunctivitis and lacrimation | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Progresses to keratitis, corneal ulceration, opacity and abscessation, leading sometimes to panophthalmitis and permanent blindness | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Can be unilateral or bilateral | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Cattle with very little eye pigmentation are more severely affected | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Hereford and Holstein, Shorthorn cattle very susceptible - because they lack pigment around the eyes. Angus are less affected. Zebu and Brahma are apparently not affected). | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Jersey cattle are highly susceptible to Pinkeye. Prominence of their eyes may expose them to more intense sun light | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| High solar radiation is a predisposing factor | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Lower incidence in dairy breeds compared to beef herds | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Characteristically affects a number of animals in a herd | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Lacrimal secretion is most suitable for lab. exam. & must be processed promptly (extreme susceptibility to desiccation). For transportation, swabs should be placed in 1 to 2 ml of sterile water & should be cultured within 2 hrs of collection | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Cultures of virulent strains agglutinate in saline | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Smears from colonies reveal short, plump, gram-negative rods, usually in pairs | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Catalase- and oxidase- positive | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Antimicrobial therapy subconjunctivally or topically early in the disease | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Fimbriae-derived bacterins available in some countries of uncertain efficacy | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Management-related methods are important in the control of IBK --- isolation of affected animals, reduction of mechanical irritants, use of insecticidal ear tags and control of concurrent diseases | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Prophylactic use of intramuscular oxytetracycline for animals at risk | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Vitamin A supplementation may be benificial | Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) |
| Brucella abortus | Bovine brucellosis |
| Brucella melitensis | Caprine & ovine brucellosis |
| Brucella suis | Porcine brucellosis |
| Brucella canis | Canine brucellosis |
| Brucella ovis | Ovine epididymitis |
| small, gram neg, coccobacilli | Genus Brucella |
| MZN positive | Genus Brucella |
| Non-motile, cat pos, oxi pos, urease pos | Genus Brucella |
| intracellular pathogen | Genus Brucella |
| Predilection for reproductive organs (both male & female) | Brucella sp |
| Infected animals serve as reservoirs of infection (often persists indefinitely) | Brucella sp |
| Organisms shed by infected animals can remain viable in moist environment for several months | Brucella sp |
| Usually species specific ( cattle: B. abortus; sheep/goats*: B. melitensis; Pigs: B. suis; Sheep: B. ovis; Dogs: B. canis | Brucella sp |
| Facultative intracellular pathogens of macrophges and endothelial cells. | Genus: Brucella |
| Brucellae are associated with reproductive tract infections and abortions. | Genus: Brucella |
| Infection initiate via mucous membrane and spread through blood, lymphatics. Following this bacteremia, the organism colonizes tissue such as lung,placenta,secretory glands | Genus: Brucella |
| There is a long (1-2 month) incubation period where the animal appears normal. | Genus: Brucella |
| world-wide distribution. | Brucella abortus |
| Wild ruminants severe as reservoirs | Brucella abortus |
| Smooth strains are virulent. | Brucella abortus |
| Not stable in the environment. Easily killed by pasteurization and disinfectants. | Brucella abortus |
| Shed in large quantities in milk, urine and placenta. | Brucella abortus |
| Grows as white colonies on blood agar. Virulent strains are usually smooth | Brucella abortus |
| Causative agent of bovine brucellosis | Brucella abortus |
| organism usually ingested (venereal contact, penetration thru skin abrasions, inhalation or transplacental transmission). | Brucella abortus |
| Localized in supramammary gland or testes (tissue with high level of erythritol (polyhydric alcohol),which act as growth factor for brucellae. | Brucella abortus |
| Few clinical signs during early phases | Brucella abortus |
| Causes abortion or weak calves, orchitis and epididymitis in bulls | Brucella abortus |
| Abortion storms may be encountered in susceptible herds | Brucella abortus |
| Usually occurs after the 5th month of gestation | Brucella abortus |
| Large numbers excreted in fetal fluids for 2 to 4 weeks following abortion | Brucella abortus |
| Infection of calves is of limited duration | Brucella abortus |
| May be excreted intermittently in milk for a number of years | Brucella abortus |
| Effect of brucellosis: Decreased fertility; reduced milk production; abortions | Brucella abortus |
| Clinical sign nonspecific, although abortion in first calf heifers & replacement animals may be suggestive | Brucella abortus |
| MZN positive coccobacilli in smears of cotyledons, fetal abomasal contents and uterine discharge | Brucella abortus |
| Colony appearance(small,smooth, glistening, bluish & translucent)MZN pos, Agglutination with high titered antiserum,rapid urease pos | Brucella abortus |
| Serological tests,Milk ring test and Rose-Bengal plate test (useful screening tests); CF and Indirect ELISA are widely used confirmatory tests; Competitive ELISA using monoclonal antibodies is highly specific, capable of detecting all Igs and can be used | Brucella abortus |
| Immunity is predominantly cell-mediated | Brucella abortus |
| Vaccination, Three types of vaccines | Brucella abortus |
| 1)Attenuated strain 19 female calves up to 5 months of age.2)45/20 adjuvanted bacterin – less effective.3)RB51 strain stable, rough mutant, provides good protection against abortion, no seroconversion | Brucella abortus |
| Treatment not practical | Brucella abortus |
| National eradication, detection & slaughter | Brucella abortus |
| Causes Undulant fever in humans | Brucella abortus |
| Causative agent of caprine and ovine brucellosis | Brucella melitensis |
| commonly encountered in Mediterranean countries, Middle East, central Asia and parts of South America (not U.S.A) | Brucella melitensis |
| Goats are more susceptible than sheep | Brucella melitensis |
| Clinical disease resembles bovine brucellosis | Brucella melitensis |
| Late stage abortion and orchitis | Brucella melitensis |
| Causes Malta Fever in humans | Brucella melitensis |
| Serology Test & slaughter policy | Brucella melitensis |
| Occurs worldwide | Brucella ovis |
| Infects only sheep | Brucella ovis |
| Characterized by epididymitis and orchitis in rams & placentitis in ewes | Brucella ovis |
| Venereal transmission is important | Brucella ovis |
| Abortions less frequent | Brucella ovis |
| Rams are more susceptible than ewes & can shed organisms for up to 4 years | Brucella ovis |
| Not pathogenic to humans | Brucella ovis |
| Causative agent of porcine brucellosis | Brucella suis |
| Occurs occasionally in the USA, more prevalent in Latin America and Asia | Brucella suis |
| Prolong bacteremia with chronic inflammatory lesions in reproductive organ of sows & boars | Brucella suis |
| Abortion (0 – 80%) & reduced litters | Brucella suis |
| Associated with lameness and spondylitis (localization in bones & joints) | Brucella suis |
| Sterility is a common outcome of infection | Brucella suis |
| Venereal TX is important (shed in high numbers in semen); Infected herd quarantined & depopulated | Brucella suis |
| Causative agent of canine brucellosis | Brucella canis |
| Worldwide (large kennels & breeders) | Brucella canis |
| Venereal transmission is important | Brucella canis |
| Causes late abortion, orchitis, epididymitis and sterility in dogs (often is subclinical) | Brucella canis |
| Chronic cases Dyskospondylitis resulting in lameness & paralysis | Brucella canis |
| Treatment,confined to animals not intended for breeding,combination of tetracycline and aminoglycoside may be effective given early | Brucella canis |
| Neutering infected animals reduces risk of transmission; no vaccines available | Brucella canis |
| Susceptible to B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis (rarely to B. canis) | Brucellosis in humans |
| Transmission occurs thru contact with secretions or excretions of infected animals | Brucellosis in humans |
| Routes of entry: skin abrasions; inhalation and ingestion | Brucellosis in humans |
| Raw milk and dairy products made with unpasteurized milk important sources (laboratory accidents can also be involved) | Brucellosis in humans |
| Abortion is a not a feature of human infection | Brucellosis in humans |
| Undulant fever caused by B. abortus: Moderately severe, fluctuating pyrexia, malaise, fatigue, muscle & joint pains | Brucellosis in humans |
| Osteomyelitis is the most common complication | Brucellosis in humans |
| Malta fever caused by B. melitensis & infections with B. suis are much more severe | Brucellosis in humans |
| B. canis infection is usually mild | Brucellosis in humans |
| Antimicrobial therapy: early stage of infection | Brucellosis in humans |
| Hypersensitivity reaction: infection or accidental inoculation of live vaccine | Brucellosis in humans |
| Causative agent of bovine campylobacteriosis | C. fetus subsp. venerealis |
| Highly adapted to the bovine reproductive tract | C. fetus subsp. venerealis |
| Transmitted during coitus (venereal transmission) | C. fetus subsp. venerealis |
| Organisms survive in glandular crypts of the prepuce and bulls may remain infected indefinitely | C. fetus subsp. venerealis |
| Disease characterized by temporary infertility associated with early embryonic death and sporadic abortion | C. fetus subsp. venerealis |
| About 1/3rd of infected cows become carriers (persists in the vagina) --- extension of infection to the uterus results in development of endometritis and salphingitis | C. fetus subsp. venerealis |
| Causative agent of ovine genital campylobacteriosis (also C. jejuni) | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| Occurs worldwide and is one of the most common causes of ovine abortion in some countries | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| C. fetus subsp. fetus is found in the feces of sheep and cattle (C. jejuni is found in the feces of birds and mammals) | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| Transmission is by fecal-oral route | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| During pregnancy, localization in the uterus may occur following bacteremia, with subsequent necrotic placentitis results in abortion late in pregnancy, stillborn lambs or weak lambs | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| Round, necrotic lesions with pale raised rims and dark depressed centers are evident on the liver surface in aborted lambs | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| Aborted ewes are major source of infection for susceptible animals in a flock (up to 20% of ewes in a susceptible flock may abort) | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| Recovered ewes are immune for at least 3 years and flock fertility in subsequent breeding season is usually good | C. fetus subsp. fetus |
| Causative agent of canine intestinal campylobacteriosis | C. jejuni |
| Diarrhea in dogs and other animals (confirmation is difficult because healthy animals shed the organisms in their feces). Presence of large numbers from fecal smears or rectal scrapings is indicative of infection | C. jejuni |
| May contribute to the severity of enteric diseases in dogs caused by viruses, Giardia sp. and helminths | C. jejuni |
| Young and debilitated or immunosuppressed animals are particularly at risk | C. jejuni |
| Enrofloxacin is effective in eliminating fecal shedding of Campylobacter species | C. jejuni |
| Dogs shedding C. jejuni are potential source of human infection | C. jejuni |
| Causative agent of Avian hepatic hepatitis | C. jejuni |
| Birds commonly harbor in their intestinal tracts and shed the organisms in their feces | C. jejuni |
| Chicks acquire infection from feed, water and litter when introduced into contaminated premises | C. jejuni |
| Infection in chickens and turkeys is usually asymptomatic and are principal source of infection of humans following carcass contamination at slaughter | C. jejuni |
| Characterized by substantial loss in egg production; hemorrhage and multifocal necrosis in the liver | C. jejuni |
| Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate in feed early is beneficial | C. jejuni |
| Causative agent of human intestinal campylobacteriosis | C. jejuni |
| Is the major and most frequent cause of food poisoning in many countries | C. jejuni |
| Zoonotic and food-borne infection | C. jejuni |
| Poultry meat is the major source of human infection | C. jejuni |
| Fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea sometimes with blood are common | C. jejuni |
| Antibiotic resistance, particularly to fluoroquinolones, is a major public health concern | C. jejuni |
| Curved, gram-negative rods | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Obligate intracellular pathogens | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Microaeophilic | Genus: Lawsonia |
| No growth on inert media (cell-free media) | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Growth in tissue culture prepared from enterocytes | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Can be cultured in specific cell cultures | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Rat enterocyte cell line (IEC 18) | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Continous - Henle 407 cells | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Causative agent of proliferative enteritis in pigs | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Enteric disease in weaned pigs (6 to 12 weeks of age) | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Characterized by proliferative and inflammatory changes in the terminal small intestine and large intestine | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Clinical signs: Ranges from chronic intermittent diarrhea with reduction in weight gains to acute hemorrhagic enteropathy | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Genus: Lawsonia Species of veterinary importance | Lawsonia intracellularis |
| Sudden death associated with severe disease (milder form of the disease, animals recover without treatment) | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Characteristic lesions in the ileum, cecum and colon include thickening of the wall, mucosal necrosis and in severe cases clotted blood in the lumen; enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes is a feature of the disease | Genus: Lawsonia |
| Family: Leptospiraceae | Genus: Leptospira |
| Family: Spirochaetaceae | Genus: Borrelia, Brachyspira/Serpulina, Treponema |
| Spiral, motile with endoflagella (located within the periplasm, attached to cell-wall at each end of the organism | Spirochaetes |
| Labile in the enviornment & sensitive to desiccation | Spirochaetes |
| Although Gm-ve (stains poorly) | Spirochaetes |
| Some grow in liquid media (most require specialized media) | Spirochaetes |
| Many produce zoonotic infections | Spirochaetes |
| Protoplasmic cylinder- the region containing the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions. | Spirochaetes |
| Cytoplasmic wall- contains peptidoglycan and is fairly rigid. | Spirochaetes |
| Outer sheath- the outer cell envelope which contains LPS | Spirochaetes |
| Flagella also called axial fibrils. Periplasmic flagella are to the protoplasmic cylinder at a point called the basal insertion plate | Spirochaetes |
| Found in aquatic environments | Leptospira sp |
| Systemic infections (many species) | Leptospira sp |
| Shed in urine | Leptospira sp |
| Transmission by arthropod vectors | Borrelia sp |
| Systemic infections (many species) | Borrelia sp |
| Grow slowly in specialized culture media | Borrelia sp |
| Intestinal spirochaetes (some important enteropathogens of pigs) | Brachyspira/Serpulina sp |
| Can be demonstrated in stained fecal smears or in silver stained histopathological sections | Brachyspira/Serpulina sp |
| Anaerobic or microaerophilic | Treponema/Serpulina/Brachyspira |
| Corkscrew rods 5- 20um long | Treponema/Serpulina/Brachyspira |
| Stains well with giemsa stain | Treponema/Serpulina/Brachyspira |
| Commensal of oral cavity, intestinal tract, and urinary tract | Treponema/Serpulina/Brachyspira |
| Aerotolerant. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Loosely coiled (2-3 turns/cell). | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| 7-8um long with taper at one end. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Catalase negative. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Gray white colonies with complete hemolysis in 2-5 days | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Selective medium has an extract of pigs feces and spectinomycin and rifampin | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Causative agents of swine dysentery (bloody scours) | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| fecal oral transmission | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| colonization of the colon | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Release of endotoxin and hemolysin | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Inflammation leads to hemorrhage of the large intestine | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Severe, bloody diarrhea with rapid weight loss | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Variable mortality (about 30%) due to dehydration, recovered animals are carriers for life | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| History, clinical signs & gross lesions may indicate swine dysentery | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Easily confused with other scours. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Necropsy shows marked hemorrhagic lesions confined to the large intestine | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| An accumulation of undigested food. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Necrotic material and thick mucus in colon and feces. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| Microscopic exam of mucosal scrapings. | Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
| A recently described spirochaete in pigs that causes a similar but less severe disease than B. hyodysenteriae | Brachyspira pilosicoli |
| The disease is usually referred to as porcine intestinal spirochaetosis | Brachyspira pilosicoli |
| Diarrhea with mucus but no blood and low mortality | Brachyspira pilosicoli |
| Pigs usually recover in 2-3 weeks, but are delayed in reaching market weight | Brachyspira pilosicoli |
| Many are non-pathogenic & are commensals | Genus: Borrelia |
| Gram negative | Genus: Borrelia |
| Loose helical coils (3-10 turns /cell) | Genus: Borrelia |
| 3-20 micro-meter in length | Genus: Borrelia |
| Stains well with Giemsa stain | Genus: Borrelia |
| Require complex growth medium | Genus: Borrelia |
| Anaerobic | Genus: Borrelia |
| Tick and louse transmission | Genus: Borrelia |
| Important species: B. burgdorferi & B. anserina | Genus: Borrelia |
| Causative agent of Lyme disease in humans, dogs, horses, mice & deer | B. burgdorferi |
| Species divided into 4 genomic species based on geographic distribution & genotypes. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is the principal genotype present in North America | B. burgdorferi |
| Tick transmission: Ixodes sp. | B. burgdorferi |
| Spirochete transmission during feeding requires at least 48 hrs. | B. burgdorferi |
| Dogs: not all animals develop clinical illness despite seroconversion | B. burgdorferi |
| Clinical signs: fever, lethargy, arthritis, cardiac, renal or neurological disturbance | B. burgdorferi |
| (USA: arthritis; Europe & Japan: neurological) | B. burgdorferi |
| Cause Avian spirochetosis in chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks & pheasants | B. anserina |
| Transmitted by fowl ticks (Argas sp)transovarian transmission between ticks; contact transmission; infected material | B. anserina |
| Affects primarily younger birds | B. anserina |
| Clinical signs are acute: septicemia, fever, yellowish-green diarrhea, rapid emaciation, drowsiness & weakness, swollen spleen, death in 3-4 days | B. anserina |
| can be demonstrated in blood & tissues using Giemsa stain | B. anserina |
| Acute disease with significant economic loss in flocks in tropical & subtropical countries | B. anserina |
| Leptospirosis has 2 phases | Leptospiremia and fever for 7 days, Leptospuria for 2-3 months |
| Entry is through mucous membranes. | Leptospira interrogans |
| Following clearance of leptospires from the blood, the organism localizes in the kidney, lungs, liver, eyes, and reproductive tract | Leptospira interrogans |
| Primary replication occurs in the liver. | Leptospira interrogans |
| Acute leptospirosis: damage to RBC membranes and endothelial cells along with hepatocellular injury produce hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria & hemorrhage | Leptospira interrogans |
| Cattle: fever, diarrhea, anorexia, infertility, abortion, and icterus. | Leptospira interrogans |
| Pigs usually subclinical. Associated with icterus, anemia, and abortions. | Leptospira interrogans |
| Horses rare infections associated with fever, anorexia, and icterus; abortions | Leptospira interrogans |
| Dogs depression, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, muscle stiffness, bad breath. Acute nephritis (pups) & chronic renal disease (adults); Acute hepatitis & jaundice (icterus | Leptospira interrogans |
| Cattle- hardjo, pomona: Abortions | Different animal species have important principal L. interrogans serovars |
| Sheep- pomona, hardjo (occasionally): Acute hemolytic disease | Different animal species have important principal L. interrogans serovars |
| Swine – pomona, bratislava: Septicemia in piglets | Different animal species have important principal L. interrogans serovars |
| icterohaemorrhagiae: Peracute haemorrhagic disease & acute hepatitis with jaundice | Dogs: canicola: Acute nephritis (pups) Chronic renal disease (adults); |
| Horses: pomona: Abortions | L. grippotyphosa-recurrent uveitis moon blindness |
| Foxes, squirrels, raccoons: grippotyphosa: Septicemia & abortions | Different animal species have important principal L. interrogans serovars |
| is an occupational disease of abattoir workers, dairy & pig farmers, veterinarians & those engaged in manual work related to sewage and drainage | Leptospirosis |
| Is Zoonotic | Leptospirosis |
| Gram-negative, anaerobic | Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gm-ve bacteria |
| Endospores not produced | Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gm-ve bacteria |
| Enriched media required for growth | Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gm-ve bacteria |
| Majority are commensals on mucosal surfaces (principally alimentary tract) | Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gm-ve bacteria |
| Synergism with other bacteria in mixed infections | Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gm-ve bacteria |
| Dichelobacter sp. (Formerly classified as Bacteriodes sp.) & Fusobacterium sp. (>50%) | Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gm-ve bacteria |
| Footrot in sheep | D. nodosus as Primary pathogen |
| Interdigital dermatitis in cattle | D. nodosus as Primary pathogen |
| Interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle | F. necrophorum as Primary pathogen |
| Interdigital dermatitis in sheep | F. necrophorum as Primary pathogen |
| Primary pathogen in a number of disease conditions in farm animals | Fusobacterium necrophorum |
| Mixed bacterial infections are commonly implicated in foot lesions in domestic ruminants and pigs | Fusobacterium necrophorum |
| Cattle: Calf diphtheria: Bovine liver abscess; Black spot of teat; Bovine interdigital necrobacillosis (necrotizing interdigital dermatitis) | Fusobacterium necrophorum |
| Horses: Thrush | Fusobacterium necrophorum |
| Pigs: Necrotic rhinitis (Bull nose) | Fusobacterium necrophorum |
| Necrotic pharyngitis or laryngitis in calves under 3 months of age | Calf diphtheria |
| Enters via abrasions in mucosa of pharynx or larynx often caused by ingestion of rough feed | Calf diphtheria |
| Clinical signs: Fever, depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, respiratory distress & foul smell from mouth | Calf diphtheria |
| If untreated: may develop fatal necrotizing pneumonia | Calf diphtheria |
| Thick, straight or slightly curved, bulging at one or both ends. Appearance of colonies is variable (virulent strains – dark central zone with pale granular middle zone & ground glass appearance) | Dichelobacter nodosus |
| Irregularly staining, slender, non-branching filaments. Colonies are gray, round & shiny ( some are hemolytic ) | Fusobacterium necrophorum |
| Minute colonies in 2 to 7 days, fried egg appearance | Mycoplasmas |
| colony morphology umbonate | Mycoplasmas |
| Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP ) | M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (small colony type) |
| Severe, contagious, highly fatal disease of cattle | Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP ) |
| Causative agent: M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (small colony type); large colony type – causative agent of pleuropneumonia of goats & sheep | Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP ) |
| Clinical signs: Sudden onset of fever, anorexia, depression, drop in milk yield, accelerated respiration & coughing, characteristic stance with head & neck extended & elbows abducted; expiratory grunting & mucopurulent nasal discharge may be present | Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP ) |
| In the U.S, it is listed under FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES & is a reportable disease | Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP ) |
| Enzootic pneumonia in pigs | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| Often subclinical | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| Chronic respiratory distress | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| transient diarrhea | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| Reduced weight gain | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| Damages the cilia of the respiratory epithelium | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| Lung lesions observed at slaughter | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| vaccination reduces lesions and salvages feed efficiency | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
| Chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys | M. gallisepticum |
| Infectious synovitis in turkeys and chickens | M. Synoviae |
| Airsacculitis in turkey poults | M. meleagridis |
| Arthritis in chickens | M. Iowae |
| No evidence as primary causative agent of disease in cats,M. felis,Present in va,Conjunctivitis,M. gateae,Commensal of the oropharynx,Polyarthritis | Canine and Feline Mycoplasmas |
| Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) |
| Aerosol transmission | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) |
| Ciliostatic | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) |
| Rapid onset of fever, cough, and lethargy | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) |
| Death in 2-3 days | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) |
| reportable & foreign animal disease | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (F38) |
| Minute, non-motile, Gm-negative | Order: Rickettsiales |
| Obligate intracellular pathogens, replicate only in cells | Order: Rickettsiales |
| Demonstrated in blood smears by Romanowsky stains | Order: Rickettsiales |
| Host specificity & tropism for particular cell types | Order: Rickettsiales |
| Extracellular survival brief (except Coxiella burnetii) | Order: Rickettsiales |
| Systemic diseases, mainly arthropod-borne, in humans and animals | Order: Rickettsiales |
| Cowdria,Coxiella,Ehrlichia,Rickettsia, Neorikettsia | Family: Rickettsiaceae |
| Anaplasma,Eperythrozoon,Haemobartonella, Aegyptianella | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Organisms in this family are referred to as rickettsiae | Family: Rickettsiaceae |
| In common with Gm-ve bacteria, rickettsiae have peptidoglycan in their cell walls | Family: Rickettsiaceae |
| Cultured in specific cell lines or embryonated eggs | Family: Rickettsiaceae |
| Tropism for vascular endothelium or leukocytes | Family: Rickettsiaceae |
| Lack cell walls, possess cell membranes | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Have not been cultured in vitro | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Tropism for erythrocytes | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Rod-shaped or small, pleomorphic, Gm-ve | Genus: Rickettsia |
| Host cell-dependent obligate intracellular pathogens of eukaryotic cells (makes them difficult to culture or reach with antibiotics) | Genus: Rickettsia |
| Predilection for endothelial cells of small blood vessels | Genus: Rickettsia |
| Enter host cells by phagocytosis | Genus: Rickettsia |
| Transmitted by arthropod vectors | Genus: Rickettsia |
| Veterinary importance: Rickettsia rickettsii | Genus: Rickettsia |
| Causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Hosts: Humans, dogs | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Geographical distribution: North, Central and South America | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Vectors: Ticks North America: Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Vectors: Ticks Central and south America: Rhipicephalaus sanguineus and Amblyomma cajennense | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Clinical signs:Fever, depression, conjunctivitis,retinal hemorrhages,muscle & joint pain,coughing,dyspnoea & edema of the extremities.Neurological disturbance occur in 80% of affected dogs:stupor,ataxia,neck rigidity, seizures and coma. In sev | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| RMSF should be considered in dogs with systemic disease, with exposure to ticks in endemic areas | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| IFA or ELISA to demonstrate a rise in antibody titer (antibodies are not demonstrable until at least 10 days after infection | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| A marked thrombocytopenia and leukopenia may be present in acute phase of the disease | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| D/D: Acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis | Rickettsia rickettsii |
| Species of veterinary importance: Coxiella burnetii | Genus: Coxiella |
| Grows preferentially in the acid environment of phagolysosomes | Genus: Coxiella |
| Localizes and replicates in cells of the reproductive tract and mammary glands of the ruminants | Genus: Coxiella |
| Stains well with aniline dyes | Genus: Coxiella |
| In MZN-stained smears from ruminant placental tissues: clusters of small, red-staining coccobacilli | Genus: Coxiella |
| Causative agent of Q fever with sporadic abortion in ruminants | Coxiella burnetii |
| Hosts: Ruminants, humans | Coxiella burnetii |
| Geographical distribution: worldwide | Coxiella burnetii |
| Vectors: Ticks (most infections are acquired by inhalation of aerosols) | Coxiella burnetii |
| An occupational hazards for vets., farmers, abattoir workers & others in contact with farm animals & their products | Coxiella burnetii |
| Rare outbreaks of Q fever have been reported in cats | Coxiella burnetii |
| Human infections: Ingestion of contaminated milk & milk products | Coxiella burnetii |
| Most infections in animals are subclinical | Coxiella burnetii |
| In ruminants, infection may also result in infertility or birth of weak offspring | Coxiella burnetii |
| Placentitis or endometritis may be evident | Coxiella burnetii |
| Fetal lesions include hepatitis, myocarditis and interstitial pneumonia | Coxiella burnetii |
| Can be cultured in yolk sac of 5-7 day old embryonated eggs | Coxiella burnetii |
| Segregation of animals and careful disposal of placentas and aborted fetuses are essential, once diagnosis has been confirmed | Coxiella burnetii |
| Inactivated egg-yolk vaccine are available for non-pregnant animals | Coxiella burnetii |
| A vaccine for lab & abattoir workers at high risk is also available | Coxiella burnetii |
| reportable and zoonotic | Coxiella burnetii |
| Species of veterinary importance: Cowdria ruminantium | Genus: Cowdria |
| Replicates in reticuloendothelial cells, particularly macrophages, and in vascular endothelial cells, especially those in the central nervous system | Genus: Cowdria |
| Can have a rapid onset or can be chronic | Genus: Cowdria |
| Causative agent of Heartwater (cowdriosis) | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Hosts: Ruminants (severe disease) | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Geographical distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa and Caribbean islands | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Vectors: Ticks (Amblyomma sp.) | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Damage to vascular endothelium results in increased permeability and widespread petechial hemorrhage | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Sudden onset of fever | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Neurological signs are common and include chewing movements, twitching of eyelids, high-stepping gait, circling and recumbency, associated with high mortality | Cowdria ruminantium |
| In sub-acute disease, lesions include hydropericardium, hydrothorax, pulmonary edema and congestion. Splenomegaly and extensive mucosal and serosal hemorrhages may be evident | Cowdria ruminantium |
| Obligate intracellular parasites of white blood cells | Genus: Ehrlichia |
| All are vector-borne transmitted (but not all vectors have been identified) | Genus: Ehrlichia |
| Approximately 1-3 weeks after exposure, cause mild to severe leukopenia and anemia which can be acute or chronic | Genus: Ehrlichia |
| Infection predisposes for secondary infections | Genus: Ehrlichia |
| Can demonstrate organism in blood smears | Genus: Ehrlichia |
| E. equi (Equine granulocyte ehrlichiosis) | Genus: Ehrlichia species of vet importance |
| E. risticii (Potomac horse fever) | Genus: Ehrlichia species of vet importance |
| E. canis (Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis) | Genus: Ehrlichia species of vet importance |
| E. platys (Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia) | Genus: Ehrlichia species of vet importance |
| Others: E. bovis (Bovine ehrlichiosis); E. ovina (Ovine ehrlichiosis); E. phagocytophilia (Tick-borne fever in ruminants); E. ewingii (Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis) | Genus: Ehrlichia species of vet importance |
| Causative agent of Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis | Ehrlichia canis |
| Hosts: Dogs | Ehrlichia canis |
| Geographical distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions | Ehrlichia canis |
| Vectors: Ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) | Ehrlichia canis |
| After detachment from an infected host, ticks can transmit the agent to susceptible dogs for up to 5 months. Dogs often remain carriers for > 2 years after recovery from acute disease | Ehrlichia canis |
| Clinical signs: Can progress thru acute, subclinical and chronic phases | Ehrlichia canis |
| Acute phase: mild to severe, characterized by fever, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anemia. Most affected dogs recover but some progress to a subclinical phase. | Ehrlichia canis |
| Subclinical phase: lasts months or years, low blood cell values but with minimal clinical signs | Ehrlichia canis |
| A minority of the dogs later develop a severe form of the disease known as tropical canine pancytopenia. Persistent bone marrow depression, along with hemorrhages, neurological disturbance, peripheral edema and emaciation are characteristic of this phase | Ehrlichia canis |
| Progression to this chronic phase may be influenced by factors such as breed susceptibility, immunosuppression & virulence of the strain | Ehrlichia canis |
| Causative agent of Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia | Ehrlichia platys |
| Hosts: Dogs | Ehrlichia platys |
| Geographical distribution: Worldwide (mainly USA, Israel) | Ehrlichia platys |
| Vectors: Ticks suspected | Ehrlichia platys |
| Target cells for replication are platelets | Ehrlichia platys |
| Bacteremia and thrombocytopenia episodes lasts for a couple of weeks & recur at 1-3 week intervals | Ehrlichia platys |
| Causative agent of Tick-borne fever of domestic and wild ruminants | Ehrlichia phagocytophila |
| Endemic in some European countries | Ehrlichia phagocytophila |
| Main vector: Tick (Ixodes ricinus) | Ehrlichia phagocytophila |
| Recovered animals remain infected for up to 2 years and act as reservoirs of infection for ticks | Ehrlichia phagocytophila |
| Induce abortion in association with systemic disease in sheep and cattle | Ehrlichia phagocytophila |
| Causative agent of Salmon poisoning disease (acute & frequently fatal disease) | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Hosts: Dogs | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Geographical distribution: West coast of North America | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Vectors: Flukes (Nanophyteus salmincola) | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Transmitted by ingestion of raw salmon containing infected flukes | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Infects and replicates within macrophages | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Fever, anorexia, weakness and depression followed by persistent vomiting and bloody diarrhea | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Death occurs in 7-10 days (high mortality of 90%) | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Animals which survive are usually resistant to reinfection | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| History of exposure in endemic areas, clinical signs and presence of fluke ova in the feces are suggestive of infection | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Organism can be demonstrated in macrophages in lymph node aspirates by Giemsa stain | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| D/D: Canine parvovirus & distemper virus | Genus: Neorickettsia N. helminthoeca |
| Cause Elokomin fluke fever | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Common in West coast of North America | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Dogs, bears, racoons & ferrets | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Transmitted by flukes (Nanophyetus salmincola) | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Morphologically indistinguishable from N.helminthoeca | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Disease milder than salmon poisoning disease | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Infection may be concurrent with N. helminthoeca | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| No cross-protection between the two organisms | Genus: Neorickettsia N. elokominica |
| Causative agent of Potomac horse fever | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Hosts: Horses (Fatal disease) | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Geographical distribution: North America, Europe | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Vectors: Flukes suspected | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Occurs during summer | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Infects epithelial cells of the crypts in the colon (also monocytes & macrophages) | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Clinical signs: Fever, anorexia, depression, colic, leukopenia & laminitis; transplacental transmission may induce abortion | Ehrlichia risticii |
| Eperythrozoon (surface of RBC) | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Anaplasma (within vacuoles in RBC) | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Haemobartonella (surface of RBC) | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Aegyptianella (within vacuoles in RBC) | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Gm-ve, obligate parasites of erythrocytes, which leads to anemia; no replication in other tissues; worldwide distribution | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| Arthropod vectors & contaminated instruments | Family: Anaplasmataceae |
| E. ovis: Sheep, goats (Eperythrozoonosis) | Genus: Eperythrozoon |
| E. suis: Pigs (Swine eperythrozoonosis) | Genus: Eperythrozoon |
| Causative agent is A.marginale | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| Affects cattle in tropical and subtropical regions (most US exposure is in the Gulf Coast states) | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| Vectors: Ticks (Boophilus sp.) and biting diptera; contaminated instruments can also be a source of infection | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| Characterized by fever, anemia and icterus | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| Young animals: mild (carrier); adult: severe (50% mortality) | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| Located inside RBCs close to cell membrane | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| Clinical signs: include depression & reduced milk yield; marked anemia & jaundice in the absence of hemoglobinuria & weight loss is pronounced (severe emaciation) | Bovine Anaplasmosis (gall sickness) |
| H. felis (Feline haemobartonellosis --- Feline infectious anemia) | Genus: Haemobartonella |
| H. canis (Canine haemobartonellosis) | Genus: Haemobartonella |
| Worldwide; rod-shaped obligate parasite of RBCs | Genus: Haemobartonella |
| Often associated with mild to subclinical infections | Genus: Haemobartonella |
| Causative agent of Feline infectious anemia (Feline haemobartonellosis) | Haemobartonella felis |
| Occurs worldwide; found on the surface of RBCs; exact mode of transmission is uncertain (biting arthropods suspected); common in free-roaming tom cats 1-3 years of age; perinatal transmission to kittens has been recorded; recovered cats may remain asympto | Haemobartonella felis |
| Disease varies in clinical presentation: | Haemobartonella felis |
| Peracute form: profound anemia associated with immunosuppression, overwhelming parasitaemia, resulting in rapid death | Haemobartonella felis |
| Acute form (most common): fever, anemia, depression, weakness and occasionally jaundice | Haemobartonella felis |
| Chronic form: anemia, lethargy and marked weight loss | Haemobartonella felis |
| Immunosuppression from FeLV infection often results in the development of severe feline infectious anemia | Haemobartonella felis |
| Diagnosis: Giemsa stained blood smears; IF; hematolgy (reduced pcv & evidence of regenerative anemia | Haemobartonella felis |
| Treatment: Doxycycline initiated early & continued for 21 days is effective: severely affected cats may require blood transfusion | Haemobartonella felis |
| Control: flea control & careful selection of donors for blood transfusion | Haemobartonella felis |
| Causative agent: Bartonella henselae (thin gram-negative slightly curved rods) | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Grows only on blood-enriched media & may take 3 to 4 weeks | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Carried by healthy cats & transmitted by cat flea Ctenocephalides felis | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Causes no clinical signs in cats, infection is common in kittens | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Humans: signs develop 1 to 3 weeks after scratch or bite of a cat and include lymphadenitis & systemic signs such as fever, malaise & headaches | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Usually resolves without treatment, but complications may occur | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Causes bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised individuals (can be fatal) & requires prolonged antimicrobial therapy (erythromycin, rifampicin, doxycycline & gentamycin are most effective). | Cat-scratch disease (CSD) |
| Chlamydophila psittaci: Birds --- Pneumonia & airsacculitis, intestinal infection & diarrhea, conjunctivitis, pericarditis, encephalitis | Chlamydia & Chlamydophila |
| Chlamydophila psittaci: Humans (secondary hosts) --- Psittacosis/Ornithosis, abortion, conjunctivitis | Chlamydia & Chlamydophila |
| Chlamydophila abortus: Sheep --- Enzootic abortion in ewes (EAE); Goats, Cattle & Pigs --- Chlamydial abortion | Chlamydia & Chlamydophila |
| A common upper respiratory and conjunctival infection of cats, especially kittens | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| Direct transmission between cats and is highly contagious | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| Can be severe but is rarely fatal | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| Difficult to distinguish from other feline respiratory diseases | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| Clinical signs: appear in around 1 week & progress for about 2 weeks--- coughing, fever, anorexia, ocular/nasal discharge; recovery takes 1-2 months ( cats continue shedding); keratitis & corneal scarring may occur | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| Susceptible to several antibiotics. All contact cats should be treated at the same time | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| MLV are available (prevents clinical disease but does not prevent infection or shedding of organisms) | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| A small number of cases of conjunctivitis in humans involving C.felis have been reported--Zoonotic | Feline chlaymidiosis (pneumonitis) |
| Major cause of reproductive failure in sheep. Cattle, goats and pigs are also susceptible | Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)-Chlamydophilia abortus--Zoonotic reportable |
| Primarily a disease of intensively managed flocks & is economically significant disease | Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)-Chlamydophilia abortus--Zoonotic reportable |
| Infection occurs primarily by ingestion | Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)-Chlamydophilia abortus--Zoonotic reportable |
| Characterized by abortion during late pregnancy or birth of premature weak lambs | Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)-Chlamydophilia abortus--Zoonotic reportable |
| Clinical signs: affects particularly the digestive & respiratory tracts, severity varies with the strain of C. psittaci , species & age of birds | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Important p.m findings: Hepatosplenomegaly, airsacculitis & peritonitis | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Is zoonotic & is a reportable disease | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Infection of humans is by inhalation of infected droplets or dusts | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Pulmonary involvement is common | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Meningitis or meningoencephalitis may develop in severely affected individuals | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Avian psittacosis: psittacine birds | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Ornithosis: other avian species | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Avian chlamydiosis: preferred designation | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Worldwide problem of major economic impact | Avian chlamydiosis |
| Infection is usually acquired by inhalation or by ingestion & subclinical infection is common | Avian chlamydiosis |
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