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Flatworms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mainly ectoparasites of fish | Monogenean |
| mammal flukes | Digenean |
| Most species are dorsoventrally flattened | Trematode Characteristics |
| Usually leaf shaped | Trematode Characteristics |
| Covered by a cytoplasmic tegument | Trematode Characteristics |
| No body cavity | Trematode Characteristics |
| Digestive system either absent or rudimentary (cecae) | Trematode |
| Reproduction: Most species are hermaphroditic | Trematode |
| Larvae can reproduce asexually | Trematode |
| Larvae can reproduce asexually | Exception: Schistosomes; Adult worms reproduce sexually |
| cattle, sheep | Fasciola hepatica |
| deer | Fascioloides magna |
| dogs and cats | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| dogs, etc | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| is deposited in freshwater via the feces of the definitive host | The egg |
| The operculum opens and a ciliated swims out to penetrate an intermediate host, usually a snail (8), to which it is chemically attracted | miracidium |
| In the snail, cilia are lost, and it develops into a to asexually produce more sporocysts | sporocyst |
| which also asexually produce more rediae | Rediae |
| which emerge, swim, and penetrate a second intermediate host, the final host, or encyst on vegetation | Tailed cercariae |
| They transform into , which are juvenile flukes | metacercariae |
| grow from the metacercariae when they are consumed by the definitive host | adults |
| BILE DUCTS | Dicrocoelium |
| bile ducts | Fasciola spp |
| RUMEN | Paramphistomum |
| LIVER | Fascioloides |
| LUNGS | Paragonimus |
| BLOOD | Schistosoma |
| Large (2-3 cm); Distinct shoulders | Fasciola hepatica |
| Causative agent of Fascioliasis,Liver fluke disease,Liver rot (condemnation) | Fasciola hepatica |
| Infective Stage,Encysted metacercariae on vegetation | Fasciola hepatica |
| Most common and important fluke of ruminants (economic importance | Fasciola hepatica |
| Found in areas where sheep & cattle are raised | Human Infections |
| Humans consume raw (infected) watercress | Human Infections |
| U.S., Europe, the Middle East & Asia | Human Infections |
| Definitive hosts: Most Mammals | Fasciola hepatica |
| PPP ~ 10-12 weeks | Fasciola hepatica |
| (1.5-2 mo.) associated with a massive infection (> 2,000) larval flukes (maritas | Ovine Fasciolosis acute |
| Abdominal pain (disinclination to move | Ovine Fasciolosis acute |
| Complicated by concurrent infections with Clostridium perfringens & C. novyi (Black disease | Ovine Fasciolosis acute |
| Severe hemorrhagic anemia; rupture of blood vessels | Ovine Fasciolosis acute |
| Sudden death | Ovine Fasciolosis acute |
| Occurs 6-10 weeks after ingestion of 500-1,500 metacercariae | Ovine Fasciolosis subacute |
| Cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts) | Ovine Fasciolosis subacute |
| Rapid & severe hemorrhagic anemia | Ovine Fasciolosis subacute |
| Death in 1-2 weeks | Ovine Fasciolosis subacute |
| Adult flukes in bile ducts | Chronic fasciolosis |
| Most common form of disease | Chronic fasciolosis |
| Gradual loss in condition, weakness, anemia, hypoproteinemia | Chronic fasciolosis |
| Edematous sub-Q swellings (bottle jaw) | Chronic fasciolosis |
| Liver damage (migrating flukes)Hemorrhage; coagulative necrosis; fibrosis | Bovine Fasciolosis Acute Pathology |
| Mechanical/chemical irritation by adults/ young adults Bile duct inflammation & fibrosis: wall thickening, stenosis (pipe-stem fibrosis in cattle) | Bovine Fasciolosis Chronic Pathology |
| Goat: rare, anemia, ascites & death | Bovine Fasciolosis Chronic Pathology |
| Yearling pinto filly presented to the Texas A & M VTH for chronic weight loss | F. hepatica in a Horse |
| FEC: 140 strongyle-type eggs/gm, Fasciola eggs and occult blood + Severe chronic fibrosing cholangio-hepatitis with numerous F. hepatica trematodes (necropsy) | F. hepatica in a Horse |
| Additional Complications Clostridium novyi & C. perfringens Minor liver trauma from fluke infestation can allow C. novyi to invade, multiply & secrete toxins Sheep may die very fast | F. hepatica |
| Additional Complications Drought Only green plants = metacercariae-infested plants around water Acute infections can rapidly break out | F. hepatica |
| Diagnosis F. hepatica | Farm conditions Marsh areas |
| Diagnosis F. hepatica | ID eggs in feces (chronic infections)Sedimentation technique |
| Infective stage metacercariae | Fascioloides magna |
| Regional importance in sheep/goat rearing | Fascioloides magna |
| Very large (up to 10 cm) No shoulders | Fascioloides magna |
| Economic importance in cattle industry | Fascioloides magna |
| Distribution similar to Fasciola spp | Fascioloides magna |
| Definitive HostsDeer | Fascioloides magna |
| Aberrant Hosts Cattle Sheep | Fascioloides magna |
| Eggs usually are not passed in cattle and sheep | Fascioloides magna |
| Adults encapsulated in liver | Fascioloides magna |
| Similar to chronic fascioliasis in cattleSimilar to acute fascioliasis in goats and sheep | Fascioloides magna Clinical Signs |
| Usually little pathology in deer | Fascioloides magna |
| liver damage; economic loss in cattle | Fascioloides magna |
| Pathology in Sheep & Goats Extensive liver damage; hemorrhage and necrosis of parenchyma | Fascioloides magna |
| Control snails and/or snail habitat (often impractical | Treatment and Prevention of Fascioloides |
| conical shaped trematodes Rumen flukes | Paramphistomum cervi |
| < 1.0 cm long Sheep, cattle, cervids, water buffalo, elephant | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Worldwide distribution | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Life-cycle very similar to Fasciola | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Flukes migrate to the rumen Cause of pathology (duodenal erosions | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Once in the rumen, adults are relatively harmless | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Treatment: Rafoxanide, niclofolan, oxyclozanide | Paramphistomum cervi |
| Lancet fluke < 1.0 cm long | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Sheep, cattle, deer and rabbits | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Worldwide distribution | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Zoonosis (rare) | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Adults in bile ducts | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Eggs passed in feces | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Eggs ingested by land snails | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Cercariae deposited in slime balls | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Up to 50,000 adults (no liver damage | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| 1 human case in New Jersey | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Diagnosis - eggs | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Treatment – Albendazole, Praziquantel | Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
| Humans,Domestic animals,Cattle,Sheep,Water buffalo,Many others | Schistosomes |
| Infective stage cercariae | Schistosomes |
| Egg-induced inflammation of liver (and other organ tissues | Schistosomes |
| Progressive fibrosis (pipe-stem fibrosis)Cirrhosis Liver dysfunction Liver failureGranulomas in infected tissues due to egg enzymes | Schistosomes |
| Anemia,Edema,Weight loss | Schistosomes |
| ID eggs in feces, nasal mucus (nasal schistosomiasis), rectal scraping | Schistosomes |
| Radiograph & ultrasound of liver and spleen (more often done in humans)Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly | Schistosomes |
| Flukes in blood vessels at necropsy | Schistosomes |
| Antischistosome vaccines are under development. | Schistosomes |
| Infects dogs, cats, raccoons, bobcats, lynx, horse | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Intermediate host Snail (Lymnea | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Infects the mesenteric veins | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Infective stage Cercariae | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Distributed in SE regions of the US; Causes “swimmer’s itch” (in humans) | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Pathology/Clinical Signs (Very similar to Schistosoma spp) | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Egg-induced inflammation of liver (and other organ tissues) | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Progressive fibrosis (pipe-stem fibrosis)Cirrhosis,Liver dysfunction,Liver failureIntestinal damage,Granulomas in infected tissues due to egg enzymes | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Anemia,Edema,Weight loss | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Diagnosis Clinical signs,Eggs in feces (80 X 50 µm) | Heterobilharzia americana |
| Heterobilharzia americana | Prevention Avoid contact with water containing infected snails |
| in antelopes and cattle | S. leiperi and S. margrawiei |
| in cattle | S. mattheei |
| in humans | S. haematobium |
| worm pairs found in mesenteric, gastric and hepatic veins | Many Schistosoma |
| Hepatomegaly with diffuse multiple pin-point yellowish foci | Many Schistosoma |
| Petechiae, multifocal, diffuse in gastric and duodenal mucosae | Many Schistosoma |
| Nonpathogenic, but vector for bacteria that causes severe disease in dogs in Pacific northwest | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| Minute fluke 0.5 x 0.3mm | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| Infective stagemetacercariae | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| Definitive hosts: Carnivores | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| snail oxytrema | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| no raw fish or salamanders | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| Vectored by the fluke; Only affects dogs | Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
| Lymphadenopathy,Vomiting and diarrheaRapid weight loss,80-90% fatality without treatment | Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
| Pus discharge from eyes; depressionThirst | Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
| Oxytetracycline (broad spectrum antibiotic) | Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
| DIAGNOSE BY:History and clinical signsFind fluke eggs on fecal exams | Salmon Poisoning |
| Praziquantel | Nanophyetus salmincola |
| Lung fluke | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Infective stage: metacercariae in crayfish | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Cause of Paragonimiasis (lung fluke disease) | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Occurs usually in pairs in pulmonary cysts | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Can infect many species of wild mammals | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Radiograph of an experimentally infected dog showing “signet ring-like” lesions | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Similar to respiratory infections Chronic cough,Pulmonary distress, Persistent pneumoniaBlood stained sputum | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Flotation or Sedimentation: detection of eggs in feces or sputum, Treat with Praziquantel | Paragonimus kellicotti |
| Adults attach to the mucous membrane of the small intestine | Alaria |
| Miracidia develop in eggs laid in the water | Alaria |
| They enter snails (Helisoma | Alaria |
| Cercariae penetrate the skin & enter tissues of a tadpole (leopard frog) | Alaria |
| MESOCERCARIAE = unencysted metacercariae | Alaria |
| In males & non-lactating cats – Penetration of the diaphragm → metacecariae (diplostomulum type) to the lungs→ esophagus→ small intestine | Alaria life cycle |
| In lactating queens -Transmammary transmission (mesocercariae shed in the milk); may also infect future litters | Alaria life cycle |
| Also occurs in lactating mice | alaria |
| throughout the World | Alaria spp |
| Catarrhal enteritis in moderate to heavy infections | Alaria |
| Clinical illness due to wandering mesocercariae | Alaria |
| Zoonotic! (Eating improperly cooked frog legs!) | Alaria |
| A human fatality was documented as a result of pulmonary hemorrhage. | Alaria |
| Identify large, yellow-brown-greenish, operculated eggs in feces | Alaria |
| Anthelmintics Praziquantel,Albendazole | Alaria |
Created by:
alljacks
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