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anatomy
exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bone shapes | Long short irregular flat sesmoid |
| bone structure | compact spongy |
| bone location | axial appendicular heterotopic |
| Long bones | found only in limbs, act as levers |
| short bones | somewhat equidimensional (cuboidal). found only in limbs. used for complex movement |
| flat bones | sig reduced in one dimension |
| pneumatic bones | excavated to contain air-filled space (sinuses). |
| irregular bones | characterized by jutting processes |
| sesmoid bone | seed shaped. found inbedded in tendon to protect tendon |
| axial bones | bones of skulls, vert column, ribs, sternum |
| Appendicular bones | bones of limbs |
| Heterotopic (splanchnic) bones | bones in normal but unusual location. ex os penis of dog, os cordis of ox, os rostrale of pig |
| compact bone | dense or cortical bone |
| spongy bone aka | traecular or cancellous bone. |
| where is spongy bone located in long bones | extremities |
| where is spongy bone located in short and irregular bones | internal substance |
| where is spongy bone located in flat bones | interposed b/w the 2 compact layers |
| Bone marrow | found within the medullary cavity of long bones and within the inersticles of spongy bone |
| Red marrow | hematopoietic marrow. blood producing |
| yellow marrow | fatty marrow |
| primary center of ossification | diaphysis, before birth |
| secondary center of ossification | epiphysis, after birth |
| Bone blood supply | nutrient artery that passes through the nutrient foramen |
| clinical sig of nutrient foramen | 1. may resemble an oblique fracture on radiographs 2. signs of panosteitis are first detected. |
| Joint classification | 1. fibrous joints 2. cartilaginous joints 3. synovial joints |
| fibrous joints | hardly move. skeletal components united by fibrous connective tissue. |
| fibrous joints subtypes | 1. sutures 2.gomphoses 3.syndesmoses |
| sutures | joints b/w the flat bones of the skull. remnants of the embryonic membrane. |
| why are sutures important in young animals | 1. allow deformation of skull during parturition 2.allow growth of skull |
| gomphoses | dental implantations. between roots of teeth and alveoli. formed by peridontal ligament |
| syndesmosis | all other fibrous joints. ex: fibrous connection b/w metacarpal and metatarsal bones |
| cartilaginous joints | permit only limited movement such as compression or stretching. |
| cartilage joints subtypes | 1. hyaline cartilage 2. fibrocartilaginous |
| hyaline cartilage joints | Synchondroses. most are temporary and ossify with age. |
| ex of hyaline cartilage joint that ossify with age | physes of growing long bones. |
| ex of hyaline cartilage joint that do not ossify with age | costochondral junctions |
| Fibrocartilaginous joints | symphyses. may ossify with age. |
| Fibrocartilaginous joints examples | pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis, intervertevral discs |
| synovial joints | freely movable. components are not directly joined to one another at contact surfaces. separated by synovial fluid. |
| Features of synovial joints | 1. Joint cavity 2. joint capsule 3. articular cartilage |
| Layers of joint capsule | Fibrous layer (outer) Synovial membrane (inner) |
| ligament | a band or cord of connective tissue uniting bone to bone |
| Tendon | a band or cord of connective tissue uniting bone to muscle |
| Ligament general function | stabilize and unite skeletal components |
| what are the two main categories of ligaments | 1. extracapsular 2. intracapsular |
| extracapsular | outside the confines of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule |
| intracapsular | within the confines of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule |
| collateral ligaments | extracapsular. found at most appendicular synovial joints. |
| collateral ligament function | located medially and laterally. prevent abduction/adduction, while allowing flexion and extension. |
| Menisci/ articular discs | fibrocartilaginous structures located b/w articular surfaces. |
| Menisci/ articular discs function | provide stabilization, help distribute synovial fluid, and/or improve shock absorption |
| where are the menisci found | at the jenual joints |
| where are the articular discs found | in the temporomandibular joints |
| thoracic limb flexor surfaces of all synovial joints | located caudally (or palmarly) except for cubital joint that is cranial |
| humeral joint | capable of movent in any direction. primary focus on flexion/ extension/ |
| How is the humeral joint stabilized | lacks collateral ligaments so stabilized by adjacent muscles |
| cubital joint | composite joint formed by humeral condyle, head of radius, trochlear notch of ulna. very stable! |
| how is the cubital joint stabilized | collateral ligaments |
| pelvic limb flexor surfaces of all synovial joints | located caudally (plantarly) except the coxal joint that is cranial and tarsal joints that are dorsal |
| coxal joint | great range of movement b/c ball and socket construction. lacks collateral ligaments |
| How is the coxal joint stabilized | with the ligaments of the femoral head and the transverse acetabular ligament |
| ligament of femoral head | intracapsular. anchors femoral head to acetabulum |
| transverse acetabular ligament | bridges notch interrupting medial wall of acetaulum. does not attach to femur |
| genual joint articulation points | 1.femoropatellar articulation 2. tibiofibular articulation 3. femorotibial articulation |
| Features of the femorotibial articulation of the genual joint | 2 menisci and 10 ligaments ( 4 that unite the femur and tibia/fibula, 6 that anchor the menisci) |
| 5 basic radiographic opacities (radiolucent to radiopaque) | gas, fat, soft tissue/fluid, mineral/bone, metal |
| smooth muscle | involuntary. found in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, spleen, eye, hair follicles, glands |
| fleshy muscle attach | more or less direct attachment to the periosteum |
| aponeurosis muscle attach | sheet like attachment |
| synovial bursae | a bag of synovial fluid that protects a tendon as it passes over a point of friction. |
| tendon sheath | protect tendons where a greater portion of the circumference is vulnerale. |
| what are the layers of a tendon sheath | 1. visceral layer 2. mesotendon 3. parietal layer |
| Fascia | connective tissue that binds the organs of the body together |
| superficial fascia | loose CT connecting the dermis of the skin to deeper structures. where you give subQ fluids |
| what does superficial fascia contain | cutaneous muscle, glands, fat, vessels, etc |
| deep fascia | stronger and denser layer that more closely invests muscles or groups of muscles. |
| Subserous fascia | glue that supports serous membranes lining body cavities |
| What are the regional thickenings of deep fascia that bind tendons in place at certain joints called? | Retinacula and annular ligaments |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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