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tumors
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When organ did not develop during embryogenesis and is absent or rudimentary; examples are one kidney, one testes/ovary, tail or limb | Aplasia |
| Complete absence of structure | Aplasia |
| May be rudimentary structure present | Aplasia |
| Best examples in reproductive organs | Aplasia |
| Aplasia | |
| Absence or closure of opening Usually of hollow visceral organ or duct | Atresia |
| Failure of organ to obtain full size | Hypoplasia |
| Implies decrease function | Hypoplasia |
| Usually noticed in young animals | Hypoplasia |
| Usually due to events late in developing fetus/neonate | Hypoplasia |
| Viral infection during pregnancy | Hypoplasia |
| due to feline panleukopenia virus infection | Cerebellar hypoplasia |
| due to BVD infection of dam | Cerebellar hypoplasia |
| due to Blue Tongue Virus of dam | Cerebellar hypoplasia |
| Canine distemper virus infection | Enamel hypoplasia |
| GeneticRarely known precise genetic defect | Hypoplasia |
| Suspected due to familial occurrence | Familial renal hypoplasia in dogs |
| Sporadic in calves | Pancreatic hypoplasia |
| (also seen in dogs, but usually thought to be atrophy and not hypoplasia.) | Pancreatic hypoplasia |
| Rudimentary structure would lack any normal organ architecture | aplasia |
| would show recognizable normal architecture although some abnormalities may be present. | hypoplasia |
| Decrease in tissue mass AFTER achieving normal growth | Atrophy |
| Due to decreased cell number and/or decreased cell size | Atrophy |
| Implies decrease function | Atrophy |
| Can be physiologic | Atrophy |
| Cachexia | Nutritional atrophy |
| Lipocytes are atrophic | Serous atrophy of fat |
| Interstitial edema | Serous atrophy of fat |
| Gray, gelatinous appearance grossly | Serous atrophy of fat |
| Due to anorexia, starvation, cachexia | Serous atrophy of fat |
| due to chronic inflammation | atrophy |
| It is uptake and intracellular degradation of damaged or effete organelle | Autophogocytosis |
| damaged organnelles are enveloped by cell membrane to form | autophagosomes |
| is common reaction of sublethaly injured cells undergoing physiologic regression (glands) | autophagy |
| may cause decrease in organnelle of a cell | Autophagocytosis |
| Increase tissue size due to increase in individual cellular size | Hypertrophy |
| Pure form only seen in tissues composed of cells that do not readily divide…striated muscle | Hypertrophy |
| Can occur with hyperplasia | Hypertrophy |
| Cardiac enlargement due to hypertension or aortic valve disease | Hypertrophy |
| Increased demand to striated muscle | Hypertrophy |
| after removal of one kidney | Renal hypertrophy |
| corticosteroids | hepatocyte hypertrophy |
| muscle hypertrophy | Androgens |
| mammary gland hypertrophy | Estrogens |
| Much more common than hyhpertrophy | Hyperplasia |
| Increase in organ/tissue size due to increase in cell number | Hyperplasia |
| May be associated with increase in function | Hyperplasia |
| A reversible change | Hyperplasia |
| gravid uterus; lactating cow | physiologic hyperplasia hormonal |
| Remaining tissue enlarges after part removed or non-functional | physiologic hyperplasia compensatory |
| Hormone-associated Thus, hormones can cause both hypertrophy and hyperplasia Viral-associated Chronic irritation due to a number of agents Infectious and noninfectious | Pathologic hyperplasia causes |
| hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells | goiter |
| thyroid hyperplasia DD | Thyroid adenoma |
| A form found especially in dogs | Chronic polypoid cystitis |
| Chronic polypoid cystitis | chronic irritation (UTI, uroliths) leading to mucosal hyperplasia |
| Warts in cattle | Viral-associated |
| Hepatic nodular hyperplasia DD | Metastatic tumor |
| Transformation of one adult cell type to another adult cell type-potentially reversible | Metaplasia |
| Usually in cells of epithelium and connective tissue | Metaplasia |
| Epithelial cells-columnar or cuboidal change to stratified squamous cells | Metaplasia |
| Connective tissue cells change to cartilage and cartilage to bone | Metaplasia |
| is beneficial but mostly it develops to neoplastic changes | metaplasia |
| Chronic irritation leading to | Squamous metaplasia |
| Osseous metaplasia of the lung | Equine |
| Abnormal development | Dysplasia |
| Term is mostly used for developmental defects in eyes, skin, brain, skeletal system | Dysplasia |
| Examples are 'dysplastic spermatozoa, fibrous dysplasia of bone | Dysplasia |
| a variety of progressive degenerating and atrophic changes, resulting from defective nutrition, a few refers to be inherited. A few reported in animals | Dystrophy |
| rickets and osteomalacia | Dystrophy |
| inherited | Dystrophy Muscular dystrophies |
| usually in sheep and dogs | Neuroaxonal dystrophies |
| Bone resorption and replacement with fibrous tissue | renal fibrous osteodystrophy (canine) |
| literally means new growth | Neoplasia |
| grow without control of normal laws of growth | Neoplasia |
| have no orderly structural arrangement | Neoplasia |
| Serve no useful function | Neoplasia |
| resemble to cells from which arose | Neoplasia |
| have no clear etiology | Neoplasia |
| any kind of swelling, but now the term is used to neoplastic swelling | tumor |
| all do not exhibit swellings | tumors |
| In latin means ‘crab’ and carcinoma in Greek; Karkinos means ‘crab’. Grossly a few infiltrating tumors somewhat looks like a‘crab | Cancer |
| Cancer | Malignant Tumor |
| Ability to invade locally and destroyAbility to spread | Malignant |
| study of TUMORS | Oncology |
| Nomenclature of tumors | Classified on two bases |
| two bases of tumor classification | Histogenesis- tissue or cell type, Behavior (growth character, invasion/infiltration, metastasis, clinical effects) |
| carry a suffix -oma | Benign |
| a suffix- carcinoma for epithelial tissue | Malignant |
| a suffix-sarcoma for mesenchymal tissue | Malignant |
| a suffix-sarcoma for | mesenchymal tissue |
| a suffix- carcinoma for | epithelial tissue |
| glandular, squamous, transitional | Types of epithelium and associated malignancies |
| mammary gland adenoma/adenocarcinoma | glandular |
| mammary gland | adenoma/adenocarcinoma |
| squamous | skin,esophagus papilloma/squamous cell carci |
| transitional | urinary bladder papilloma/ transitional cell carci |
| Carcinoma may develop from epithelium derived from | any germ layer |
| sweat gland carcinoma | Ectoderm |
| intestinal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma | Endoderm |
| renal carcinoma | Mesoderm |
| More than one neoplastic cell type from one or more germ layers | Mixed tumors |
| arises from cells normally found in the tissue | Mixed tumors |
| Examples: Mixed mammary gland tumor, mixed salivary gland tumor; composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells | Mixed tumors |
| Can be benign or malignant | Mixed tumors |
| May contain bone and cartilage in addition to neoplastic epithelial cells, but if present ,the bone and cartilage are a result of metaplasia of myoepithelial cells and are not neoplastic cells | mixed tumor |
| Neoplastic tissue type present are foreign to the tissue in which they arise | Teratomas |
| Multiple neoplastic tissues from more than one germ layer | Teratomas |
| Can be benign or malignant | Teratomas |
| When tumor cells not resemble to parent tissue | Anaplasia |
| have wide spectrum of differentiation | Malignant tumors |
| poorly differentiated | Anaplastic |
| Degree of differentiation CAN indicate degree of | malignancy |
| Anaplastic carcinoma Of thyroid | bizarre giant, multinucleated cells |
| A disorganized mass growing from the nerve tissue usually after trauma or amputation (docking in dogs, neurectomy surgery in horses). | Neuroma |
| Hyperplastic mass of tissue as a result of anomalous development | Hamartoma |
| It is not tumor but resembles tumor | Hamartoma |
| It is usually seen in ovary, lung and skin. | Hamartoma |
| benign differentiation | good |
| malignant differentiation | variable |
| benign loss of polarity | not much |
| malignant loss of polarity | more |
| benign pleomorphism- cell | not much |
| malignant pleomorphism- cell | extreme |
| benign pleomorphism-nuclei | not much |
| malignat pleomorphism-nuclei | extreme |
| exceptions to mitotic figures | bone marrow, hyperplastic tissue |
| slow with few exceptions | benign Growth rate |
| expansion space occupying lesion | benign Growth type |
| never occurs | benign Metastasis |
| dangerous | benign Clinical effects |
| variable often rapid | malignant Growth rate |
| infiltration,invasion | malignant Growth type |
| common | malignant Metastasis |
| dangerous | malignant Clinical effects |
| Often corresponds to degree of differentiation | Growth Rate |
| tend to grow more rapidly | poorly differentiated tumors |
| can grow rapidly at times | Papilloma of mouth of dog |
| poorly differentiated tumors tend to grow more rapidly exceptions | Papilloma of mouth of dog can grow rapidly at times and Hormone dependent mammary tumors in bitch |
| Often encapsulated, Often freely movable | benign |
| Frequently invade locally, Potential for metastasize | malignant |
| is spread and growth of tumor in distant organ away from original site | Metastasis |
| Metastasis Such growth is also called | secondary tumor |
| cell detachment,invasion of lymphatic and/or blood vessels,arrest,penetration,invasion, and growth | Stages in metastatic process |
| Blood vascular system (usually mesenchymal tumors),Lymphatic system (usually epithelial tumors),Body cavities (transcoelomic, implantation),Along the epithelium,Along the duct system | Metastasis can be through |
| self limiting | canine histiocytoma |
| are malignant but do not metastasize and have local invasiveness and cause death. | intermediate- basal cell carcinoma, sweat gland and sebaceous gland tumors |
| invasion through serous membrane | Abdomen and thorax |
| Spread of mammary carcinoma to the skin of inguinal region | Along epithelium |
| Mammary gland tumors,Testicular tumors,Renal pelvic tumors | Along duct system |
| tumor Size no indication of | prognosis |
| may be firm – if necrotic, may be soft | Scirrhous tumor |
| Tumor color may resemble | parent tissue |
| Tumor May diffusely infiltrate an organ and cause enlargement of organ | example Splenic lymphosarcoma |
| Hemangiosarcoma mets in brain.Differential | Malignant melanoma |
| Sheet of cells,Nests of cells,Acinar arrangement,Trabecular arrangement,Stroma | Microscopic appearance of tumors |
| Non- neoplastic connective tissue and blood vessels,Critical for tumor growth | Stroma,Supporting tissue,Host derived |
| The neoplastic cells | Parenchyma |
| New blood vessel formation | Angiogenesis |
| Required for growth beyond 1-2 mm | Angiogenesis |
| Required for metastasis | Angiogenesis |
| Tumor cells stimulate | Angiogenesis |
| Secrete angio and anti-angiogenic factors | Tumor cells |
| Induce angiogenic factor secretion from other cells | Tumor cells |
| Hypoxia cause release of angiogenic factors | Tumor cells |
| interfere with angiogenesis | Glucocorticocoids |
| Endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels | Supply nutrients,Secrete growth factors |
| occurs when tumor outgrow blood supply | Necrosis in tumor |
| seen in highly malignant tumors | Hemorrhages |
| Fibrous capsule common in | benign tumors |
| can provoke fibroplasia | tumor cells |
| Differentiate from fibromas, fibrosarcomas and other connective tissue tumors | fibroplasia |
| Host defense against tumor | Nonspecific Mechanism,Specific Mechanisms |
| Inflammatory response with lysis and phagocytosis. | Nonspecific Mechanism |
| Antigens expressed on the surface of neoplastic cells can evoke anti-tumor antibodies and anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes | Tumor antigens |
| Tumor antigens | Specific Mechanisms |
| Some tumor antigens | used for diagnostic purpose |
| Often neoplastic cells do not have | surface molecules that differentiate them from self |
| Prolonged exposure to tumor antigens induce | tolerance |
| Reduced or loss of expression of | MHC |
| Tumor antigens may bind and deplete all | anti-tumor antibody in circulation |
| may stimulate apoptosis in T lymphocytes | Tumor cells |
| Promote cell growth | protooncogenes |
| are derived from protooncogenes whose expression is deregulated | Oncogenes |
| Inhibit cell growth | Cancer suppressor genes |
| The cancer suppressor genes seem to encode nuclear proteins that suppress cell proliferation by preventing the | entry of cells into growth cycle. |
| Loss or inactivation of these proteins- releases growth restraints and favors malignant transformation. | nuclear proteins |
| Loss of function leading to increased cell life span with increased opportunity to acquire mutation | Proteins that regulate apoptosis |
| in older animals | papilloma |
| in older dogs | perianal gland tumors |
| in younger dogs | oral papillomatosis |
| in older dogs and horses | melanoma |
| in young horses | teratoma |
| in younger dogs | fibrosarcoma and histiocytoma |
| mostly in middle aged bitches | mammary tumor |
| induce cancer in rabbits using coal tar. | Yamagiwa and Ichikawa |
| report first cancer induction by pure chemicals | 1932 cook and others |
| reports scrotal cancer (Pott`s tumor) in chimney sweeps. | 1775 Percival Pott |
| Not carcinogenic alone | Cancer promoters |
| May stabilize DNA damage | Cancer promoters |
| May enhance cell proliferation | Cancer promoters |
| Ex: chronic inflammation | Cancer promoters |
| Initiators by inducing DNA damageRequire a promoter to cause cancer | Two-stage theory |
| react with DNA, RNA, proteins | Reactive electrophiles |
| Some cancer drugs | Directly acting |
| Require enzymatic conversion in cell | Indirectly acting: (most |
| Examples:Polycyclic hydrocarbons (cigarettes)Aflatoxin B1,Asbestos | Indirectly acting |
| Pinna, eye lids, planum nasale | SCC with ulceration (cat) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma tonsil of dog,tongue of cat,esophagus of cat | Pollution’ associated tumors in small animals |
| UV light associated skin tumors Eyelid and cornea | ox, horse, sheep |
| UV light associated skin tumors Vulva | cow |
| UV light associated skin tumors muzzle | dog and sheep |
| UV light associated skin tumors Ear | cat and sheep |
| UV light associated skin tumors ventral abdomen | dog |
| UV light associated skin tumors in animals Tumors are generally squamous cell carcinoma but also | hemangioma and hemangisarcoma |
| Mammals, birds, reptiles | Retroviruses |
| Some carry viral oncogenes (v-onc) acutely transforming retroviruses: example | BLV, FeLV |
| Some carry genes coding for cancer promoters, enhancers or proteins that activate other genes (regulators) | example slowly transforming retroviruses HIV, FIV, FeSV |
| benign squamous papillomas | Warts |
| Usually young animals | Warts |
| Regress spontaneously | Warts |
| Papillomaviruses | Warts |
| considered species- specific | Papillomaviruses |
| Papillomaviruses considered species- specific. However, when the bovine papillomavirus infects horses | can cause a fibroma called equine sarcoid |
| Associated with gastric carcinoma and gastric lymphoma in humans | Helicobacter pylori |
| Associated with gastric carcinoma in ferrets | Helicobacter mustelae |
| May colonize stomachs of dogs/cats | Helicobacter spp. |
| +/- clinical signs of gastritis | Helicobacter spp. |
| Esophageal nematode of dogs | Spirocerca lupi |
| Granulomas | Spirocerca lupi |
| Dysphagia | Spirocerca lupi |
| Rarely esophageal fibrosarcoma or esophageal osteosarcoma | Spirocerca lupi |
| Primary change is in DNA of the cell,All known carcinogens act upon DNA,The change in DNA results to non-lethal genetic damage somatic mutation),The somatic mutation is in a gene controlling cell division | Summary of carcinogenesis |
| may determine clinical signs, which are produced by both primary and secondary tumors | Location |
| May produce androgens as well as estrogens | Bovine: granulosa cell tumor ….cystic |
| Sertoli cell tumors | dogs |
| 3rd most common testicular tumor in the dog. Usually in Un-desended testicle | Sertoli cell tumors |
| ~1/3 produce estrogen… feminization of the male dog | Sertoli cell tumor testicular tumor |
| are defined as systemic complications of neoplasia that are remote from the primary tumor | Paraneoplastic syndromes |
| Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes in Veterinary Medicine are associated with the production of native hormone from | the cells that normally produce that hormone or from the 'ectopic 'production of a hormone-like peptide by tumor cells that normally do not produce this hormone |
| may serve as diagnostic aid or as specific tumor markers for treatment and response | Paraneoplastic syndromes |
| Insulinoma in | dogs; rare in cats |
| Clinical signs: typical CNS dysfunction-lethargy, ataxia, polydipsia, seizers and general neuromuscular weakness | Insulinoma |
| Other tumors occasionally associated with hypoglycemia are | hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma,mammary tumor, pulmonary carcinoma,salivary carcinoma and leiomyoma. |
| plasmacytoma and myeloma in dogs and cats | Immunoglobulin production |
| DIC in dogs | hemangiosarcoma |
| cause of ulcers in stomach and duodenum in dogs in MCT | hyperheparinemia |
| in dogs with metastatic fibrosarcoma, renal tubular carcinoma | Neutrophilic leukocytosis |
| In dogs in anaplastic mammary carcinoma and fibrosarcoma | Eosinophilia |
| transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder, MCT and lymphosarcoma | in cats |
| space occupying tumor in bone marrow, hemorrhagic and hemolytic anemia in tumor bearing animals | anemia |
| in dogs with renal cell carcinoma, renal lymphosarcoma and renal fibrosarcoma | Polycythemia |
| In dogs with bronchogenic carcinoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, melanoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid adenocarcinoma and mast cell tumors | Peripheral nerve syndrome |
| seen associated with thymoma. Also with cholangiocellular carcinoma and osteogenic sarcoma | Mysthenia gravis |
| In cats with pancreatic carcinoma | Alopecia |
| In middle aged dogs associated with renal cystadenocarcinoma.Multiple cutaneous nodules on extremities, ulcerate and cause lameness, usually bilateral | Nodular dermatofibrosis |
Created by:
alljacks
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