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heartworm
sgu
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Canine filariasis Dirofilaria immitis | |
| Dog Heartworm Canine Heartworm | |
| Is heartworm zoonotic | Yes |
| Definitive hosts for heartworm | Dogs, cats, foxes and wolves (also sea lions, seals, bears and ferrets) |
| What are the incidental findings of heartworm | Calcified lesions in skin and/or lungs |
| What are the clinical signs of heartworm | Fever, cough, chest pain and eosinophilia |
| Are cats good hosts for Dirofilaria | No, infection prevalence is <10% of unprotected dogs in any area |
| What shape tails do adult male Dirofilaria have | Coiled, 15-20CM |
| What shape tails do adult female Dirofilaria have | Straight - 25-30CM |
| What colour are adult heartworms | White |
| Where do adult heartworms reside | In the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle |
| True or False - female Dirofilaria are larviporous/viviparous | TRUE |
| What are the pre-larvae called in Dirofilaria | Microfilaria |
| Where do microfilariae circulate | In the blood |
| Where do microfilariae develop (L1-L3) | In malphigian tubules of mosquitoes |
| Where are the MF deposited from mosquito mouthparts | Next to the feeding site |
| How long to L3's have to make it into the site of feeding | 3-5 minutes |
| Where do MF molt to L4 larvae | In the SQ tissues |
| How long does the molt from L3 to L4 take | 304 days |
| How long do juvenile worms migrate for (L4/L5) | 2-3 months |
| Where does L5 migrate to | The heart |
| How long does L5 to adult maturation take | 3 months |
| When do mosquitoes feed more | In the evening |
| How long can IH mosquitoes survive for | 600 days, overwinter in burrows |
| Can transplacental transmission take place in heartworms | Yes |
| What is the prepatent period of heartworm | 6 months |
| How long is the patent period of heartworm | 5-6 years |
| How long can circulating MF survive in the host | Up to 2 years |
| At what temperature does development of Dirofilaria cease to happen | Under 57oC |
| Is transmission seasonal | Yes, summer months more prevalent |
| Where do mosquito IH for Dirofilaria overwinter | Rodent burrows |
| What two behavioural activities can influence transmission of Heartworm | Closeness to water and being outdoors |
| What five conditions affect occult infections | Abberant migrations, single sex infections, immune mediated removal, drug sterilization and prepatent infections |
| What is the (underestimated) prevalence in canines (USA) | 25% or 9 out 1000 (make sense |
| What are the clinical signs in an early infection of heartworm | No clinical signs |
| What are the clinical signs in a moderate disease infection | Coughing, abnormal lung sounds and exercise intolerance |
| What are the clinical signs in severe disease infections | Dyspnea, hepatomegaly, syncope, ascites + death |
| What do dogs mainly exhibit in heartworm infections | Cardiopulmonary disease signs (soft to deep chest cough, rapid breathing, exercise intolerance, fatigue, inappetence and anemia |
| In very serious cases congestive heart failure may occur, what are the signs | cardiac arrythmias, hemoglobinuria, icterus and edema |
| Are heartworm infections in cats easy to diagnose | No, may be asymptomatic or respiratory signs and death |
| What is the most common clinical sign in hearrtworm infected cats | Respiratory signs |
| What does HARD stand for | Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease |
| What are the outcomes of HARD | Vascular and airway disease, allergic bronchitis due to death of immature worms in respiratory passages |
| What percentage of infections are occult infections in cats | 80% are occult (low circulating antigen, 1-2 worms) |
| Are antigen or antigen tests good for detecting cat infections | No |
| What are the pathology and clinical signs related to | Worm burden and location, duration of infection, age and size of the dog, activity of the dog |
| Obstructive pulmonary arterial disease causes clinical disease - name two | Endarteritis (villous/rugae formation), Thrombus formation (arterial obstruction) |
| What are the sequelae of chronic obstructive disease | Enlargement of pulmonary artery and caudal lobar branches, reverse "D", congestive right heart failure |
| What does thromboembolism look like | Pruned tree in dogs, pulmonary pathology of lungs |
| How does liver damage occur in heartworm infections | From obstructed flow |
| How does kidney damage occur in heart worm infections | Renal capsular inflammation |
| Does interstitial pneumonitis affect both cats and dogs | Yes, interstitial bronchitis + inflammation |
| What is caval syndrome | Obstruction of the tricuspid valve - VERY SERIOUS |
| What is the primary diagnosis for heartworm | Serodiagnosis (ELISA) - based on female antigen detection |
| What are the problems with serodiagnosis (ELISA) as a diagnostic test | Occult infections, false negatives (rare), too few female worms, immature infections, Ag clearance (spleen + kidneys) |
| How do you identify MF in blood (what test) | Modified Knott's Test |
| What signs can be picked up in radiography concerning heartworm | Reverse "D", enlarged, blunt, tortuous pulmonary arteries (good for felids) |
| Which test demonstrates worms in the heart and pulmonary arteries | Echocardiography (ultrasound) - RH enlargement is rare in cats |
| What is the best treatment | Prevention |
| What is the basic strategy for prevention of heartworm | Eliminate adult worms, circulating MF + prevent re-infection |
| Which species is Adulticide not recccommended in and why | Cats - causes thromboembolism and death |
| What is the drug name and trade name for Adulticide | Melarsomine dihydrochloride or Immiticide |
| What are the advantages of immiticide or adulticide | Does not impair liver or kidney function, no sloughing at the injection site, it has high efficacy |
| What is the alternate treatment to adulticide | Surgical removal of adults (not for cats) |
| What is the post treatment support for heartworm | Rest, fluids, corticosteroids if needed |
| How do you cause death of microfilaria (microfilaricide) | NO FDA approved drug - Ivermectin and Milbemycin Oxime |
| What bacteria can be used to detect heartworm, as it has a symbiotic relationship | Wolbachia, in "slow kill" cases |
| What does tetracycline do to adult female worms | Results in infertility in female worms |
| What is used for prevention of infection or re-infection of heartworm | Chemoprophylaxis - marrocyclic lactones (avermectin + milbemycin) + mosquito control with permethrins |
| Why is Dipetalonema reconditum so important as a parasite in dogs | Can be confused with MF of Dirofilaria immitis duringh diagnosis, but it is NON-pathogenic |
| What is the intermediate host for Dipetalonema reconditum | Fleas (Ctenocephalides + Pulex) or the Louse (Heterodoxus spiniger) |
| How long does development take in the IH for Dipetalonema reconditum | 7-14 days |
| How long does development of L3 to adult take in Heartworm Mimic | 2-3 months |
| Where do adult worms reside in dog | SQ + Connective tissues |
| Where do MF circulate in Dipetalonema reconditum | The blood |
| What is the difference between DI and DR in terms of worm number in infections | DI - Numerous/ DR - Only a few |
| Which species is smaller DI or DR | DR - 240-290uM (290-340uM in DR) |
| What is the difference in width between DI and DR | DI - 6-72uM (5-6uM in DR) |
| The difference when stained with alkaline phosphotase between DI + DR | DI - localized in anal/buccal areas/DR - uniform staining of body cavities |
| What will the ELISA test show in Dipetalonema infections | Negative |
| Which criteria are used in Modified Knott's Test preparations | Length + Width |
| What is the family of Thorny Head Worms known as | Acanthocephala (Thorny Head) |
| What are the definitive hosts for Thorny Head Worms | Domestic animals and free ranging laborotory animals (primates, salmon, water-fowl) |
| How do you identify Thorny Head Worms | Retractable spiny proboscis, pink in colour, flat body, NO digestive tract |
| What does the larva develop into in the Thorny head worm | Acanthor |
| What is the IH for the Thorny Head Worm | Arthropods |
| What stage is passed through before becoming encysted infective larva in THW | Acanthella stage (to become cystacanth) |
| What can happen to the cystacanth once developed | Re-encysts in PH or can re-encyst in the DH |
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | Thorny Head Worm of Small Intestine (Swine) |
| How do pigs aquire Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | When rooting for beetle grubs |
| How long is the cystacanth stage in the beetle | 3 months |
| How long is the PPP of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | 2-3 months |
| What are the clinical signs in pigs with THW infection | Asymptomatic or diarrhea, emaciation, abdominal pain, and peritonitis (2ndary bacterial infections) |
| What are the depth of clinical signs dependant on | Depth of the proboscis in the intestinal wall |
| What is the treatment for THW infections | Ivermectin or benzimidazoles |
Created by:
alljacks
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