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Nutrients
304.3 Vet nursing Nutrients, Minerals and Vitamins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an essential nutrient? | Required and unable to be synthesized by the body |
| 3 energy producing nutrients? | Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat |
| How much energy does 1 gram of carbs produce? | 4kcal |
| How much energy does 1 gram of protein produce? | 4kcal |
| How much energy does 1 gram of fat produce? | 9kcal |
| 3 non-energy producing nutrients? | Vitamins, Minerals and water |
| What are macro-nutrients? | Nutrients needed in relatively large quantities |
| What are micro-nutrients? | Nutrients needed in relatively small quantities |
| What are the 3 primary functions of carbohydrates? | An energy source. Can be converted to body fat and stored. A good source of fibre. |
| 3 types of carbs? | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| What are monosaccharides? | Simple sugars. A single carbohydrate molecule. |
| The 3 main monosaccharides are? | Glucose, Fructose, Galactose |
| What are disaccharides? | 2 carbohydrate molecules linked together. |
| 3 examples of disaccharides | Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose |
| Which monosaccharides is lactose made from? | Glucose and galactose |
| Which monosaccharides is maltose made from? | Glucose and glucose |
| Which monosaccharides is sucrose made from? | Glucose and fructose |
| What are polysaccharides? | Long chains of linked carbohydrate molecules. Also know as complex carbohydrates. |
| 3 examples of polysaccharides | Starch, Glycogen, Fibre |
| What enzyme is found in the saliva of omnivores and herbivores? | Amylase |
| What polysaccharide does this enzyme break up? | Starch |
| Name of the cells lining the small intestine | Enterocytes |
| Enterocytes of the intestines contain what kind of enzymes? | Disaccharidases |
| Feline saliva lacks which enzyme? | Amylase |
| Feline pancreatic amylase production is only what percentage of dog production? | 5% |
| How does fibre differ from starch? | Resists enzymatic digestion in small intestine and undergoes bacterial fermentation in the colon instead |
| What are the 2 products of fibre fermentation? | Gases and short chain fatty acids |
| What are the 4 functions of dietary fibre? | Increase bulk and water of intestinal contents, Regulate gut transit time and bowel movements, Produce SCFAs that help maintain the health of the colon, Low energy content helps correction and prevention of obesity |
| Fibre can be classified as? | Soluble and insoluble |
| Insoluble fibre can prevent what? | Constipation |
| What can excessive fibre intake cause? | Flatulence, Increased bowel movements, Increased faecal output, Constipation |
| Lipids are what? | Fats and oils |
| The most common dietary fat is? | Triglycerides |
| What are triglycerides composed of? | One molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid |
| What are the 7 functions of dietary fat? | Provision and storage of energy, Provision of essential fatty acids, Aid absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, Metabolic and structural functions, Insulation, Enhance palatability, Synthesise hormones (esp steroids) |
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? | A, D, E and K |
| Which enzyme digests fat? | Lipase |
| Digestion of fat is aided by what process? | Emulsification |
| What substance breaks the fat into smaller droplets? | Bile |
| What does lipase break down fat into? | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| Products of fat digestion are absorbed by which cells in the intestines? | Lacteals |
| Digested fat is transported to the blood supply by which other system? | Lymph |
| Stored fat is broken down by what organ for energy? | Liver |
| What are essential fatty acids? | Required but not synthesized by the body |
| What are 3 essential fatty acids? | Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid and Arachidonic acid |
| Which fatty acid must cats get straight from their diet? | Arachidonic acid |
| What are the functions of essential fatty acids? | Important components of cell membranes, Precursor to many substances in the body |
| What are some signs of fatty acid deficiency? | Dry coat, scaly skin, slow healing wounds, hair loss, ear infections |
| What are proteins? | Long strings of amino acids |
| What are the functions of dietary protein? | Tissue growth and repair, manufacture of hormones and enzymes, source of energy, protection against infections, transport oxygen, regulation of metabolism, structural role in cell walls. |
| Amino acids joined together are called what? | Peptides |
| What are essential amino acids? | Required but not synthesized by the body |
| Where does most protein digestion take place? | Upper small intestine (duo and jej) |
| What enzyme begins protein digestion in the stomach? | Pepsin |
| Can surplus amino acids be stored? | No |
| What is the biological value of protein? | The percentage of absorbed protein retained by the body. |
| What percentage of the mammalian body is made of water? | 60-70% |
| What is the function of water in the body? | Electrolyte balance, Temp regulation, remove waste, transport, make blood and lymph, chemical reactions involving hydrolysis |
| What can increase the need for water? | Polyuria/polydipsia, Temp (environment and body), type and amount of food eaten, stress, illness, diarrhoea/vomiting, exercise, lactation |
| Water losses can be replaced by? | Metabolism of nutrients, liquid water, water from food |
| What percentage of water does dry food contain? | 6-10% |
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