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Digestive system
302.3 Vet nursing Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 basic components of the digestive tract | Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine |
| 3 Digestive accessory glands | Salivary glands, Liver and gall bladder, Pancreas |
| 5 key functions of the digestive tract | Prehension, Mastication, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
| What is ingestion? | Process of taking food into the body |
| What is digestion? | Process of breaking down food into small chemical units |
| What is absorption? | Process whereby chemical units pass into the blood and are carried to the liver |
| What is metabolism? | Process in which the chemical units are converted into energy for use by all the organs of the body |
| What is excretion? | The removal of any remaining indigestible material from the body |
| Oral mucosa of the mouth is made of which epithelial cells? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| What is the function of the lips? | Prehension - picking up food |
| The cleft in the middle of the upper lip is the? | Philtrum |
| The mucous membrane of the cheeks is called? | Buccal mucosa |
| Why do carnivores have smaller cheeks? | To open their mouths wider to help catch prey. |
| The soft palate divides the pharynx into what 2 ares? | Oropharynx and nasopharynx |
| The tongue is made from what kind of muscle? | Striated muscle |
| The tongue is attached to which 2 boney structures? | Hyoid bones and the mandible |
| The name for the line down the middle of the tongue? | Median groove |
| The name for where the tongue attaches to the back of the mouth? | Root |
| The tip of the tongue? | Apex |
| Fleshy structure attaching tongue to base of mouth? | Frenulum |
| What are the 6 functions of the tongue? | Aid ingestion of food, Taste-buds, Forms food bolus for swallowing, Groom fur, Assist thermoregulation, Suckling in newborns |
| The small projections on the surface of the tongue are called? | Papillae |
| Why do cats have well developed papillae? | Grooming and holding prey. Also scrape meat off bones. |
| 4 types of teeth. | Incisors, Canines, Pre-molars and Molars |
| What are incisors used for? | Cutting food, picking up items and grooming |
| What are canines used for? | Holding prey, slashing and tearing and act as a cradle for the tongue |
| What are pre-molars for? | Holding, carrying and breaking food into small pieces |
| What are molars for? | Grinding food into small pieces (chewing) |
| What are the 8 parts of the tooth? | Crown, Root, Alveolar bone, Enamel, Dentine, Cementum, Periodontal ligament, Pulp |
| What is the crown of the tooth? | Part of the tooth above the level of the gum. Covered by enamel. |
| What is the root of the tooth? | The part of the tooth beneath the level of the gum. Attached to the jaw bone. |
| In teeth with 2 or more roots, what is the place where they diverge called? | Furcation angle |
| The end of the root where the nerves and blood vessels emerge? | Apex |
| What is enamel of the tooth? | Hardest substance in the body, but quite brittle. Has no nerve supply. Covers crown of tooth. Cant be replaced. |
| What is the dentine of the tooth? | Main supporting structure of the tooth. 2nd hardest after enamel. Has nerves so can be painful if exposed. |
| What is the cementum of the tooth? | Covers the enamel free roots and provides a point of attachment for the periodontal ligament |
| What is the periodontal ligament? | Taught collagen fibers which are attached to the cementum of the tooth and the alveolar bone. |
| What is the pulp of the tooth? | Living tissue within the tooth. Well innervated and vascularised. |
| How many teeth do dogs have? | 42 |
| What is the canine dental formula? | I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3 |
| The mouth is split into 4 sections of teeth called what? | Dental arc/arcade |
| How many teeth do cats have? | 30 |
| What is the feline dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 |
| What are brachydontic teeth? | Teeth which stop growing once they reach their final size |
| What are hypsodontic teeth? | Teeth which don't stop growing |
| How much can a horse wear down its teeth over a year? | 2-3mm |
| How many teeth do horses have? | 42 |
| What is the equine dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/3 M3/3 |
| What is the "wolf teeth" in horses? | The first pre-molar in the top jaw |
| What are the 4 functions of saliva? | Moisten and lubricate food bolus, Continuously wash more to reduce bacteria, Omnivore and herbivore saliva contains amylase, Thermoregulation (panting) |
| Saliva production is increased by what? | Sight and smell of food and nausea |
| Saliva production is decreased by what? | Fear and dehydration |
| What are the 4 salivary glands in cats and dogs? | Zygomatic, Sublingual, Mandibular and Parotid |
| What are the 4 salivary glands in horses? | Buccal, Sublingual, Mandibular and Parotid |
| What is swallowing also known as ? | Deglutition |
| What is the oesophagus? | a simple tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| the oesophagus lies where in relation to the trachea? | Dorsal |
| the oesophagus lies on which side of the neck? | Left |
| What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus? | Stratified squamous |
| How many layers of muscle does the oesophagus have? | 2 |
| Which direction does the inner layer of muscle sit? | Circular |
| What is the name of the rhythmic movement of oesophagus muscles? | Peristaltic waves |
| Sphincter at the entrance to the stomach? | Cardiac sphincter |
| Sphincter at the exit to the stomach? | Pyloric sphincter |
| Name the 4 layers of the stomach. | Serosa, Smooth muscle, Submucosa, Mucosa |
| Name the 3 areas of the stomach | Cardiac, Fundus, Pyloric |
| Dogs and cats stomachs are described as what? | Monogastric |
| The walls of the stomach are lined with what? | Gastric mucosa |
| What are the three cells responsible for secretion of gastric juices? | Goblet cells, Chief cells, Parietal cells |
| What do the goblet cells secrete? | Mucus to lubricate food and protect stomach lining |
| What do the chief cells secrete? | Pepsinogen - precurser to pepsin which breaks down proteins |
| What do the parietal cells secrete? | Hydrochloric acid - creates an acid pH and turns pepsinogen into pepsin |
| Where are the chief and parietal cells found in the stomach? | Fundus |
| The name of the mix of food and digestive enzymes | Chime |
| 3 parts of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| What is segmentation in the small intestine? | Breaking apart and mixing together of the food boluses |
| The tiny folds on the epithelium of the small intestines? | Villi |
| Junction of the ileum and caecum? | Iliocaecal junction |
| 3 parts of the large intestine? | Caecum, Colon, Rectum |
| 3 parts of the colon | Ascending, transverse and descending |
| There are no what in the large intestine? | Villi or digestive glands |
| What are there more of in the large intestines? | Goblet cells |
| Horses are classed as what kind of digesters? | Hind gut fermenters |
| Horses cannot vomit due to what? | Cardiac sphincter |
| How long is the small intestine in horses? | 25m |
| What differences are there in horse guts compared to dogs/cats? | Smaller stomach by body size, longer guts, larger caecum |
| Which organisms are used to break down cellulose in herbivores? | Protozoa and bacteria |
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