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AVBS3001 general
Broad questions from Agents of Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are 4 types of disease causing agents? | Physical, chemical, genetic, infectious |
| What are the characteristics of an infectious agent? | Ability to invade and multiply in/on host, produce toxins, transmissible |
| What are 4 factors that influence the HPEI? | Pathogen, its effect on host (pathology), host response and environment |
| How does disease result? | When the HPE interactions favour the pathogen and produce a pathological host response |
| What are the 8 significant zoonotic diseases in Australia? | Anthrax, Bat Lyssavirus, Hendra virus, Q fever, Chlamydiosis, Arboviruses, Toxoplasmosis, Leptospirosis |
| What are some parasitic factors that influence disease risk? | Strains, virulence, properties, toxins, dose, methods and duration of exposure |
| What are some host factors that influence disease risk? | Species, genotype, age, nutritional status, reproductive status, past exposure/immunity, concurrent disease/injury, behaviour |
| What are some environmental factors that influence disease risk? | Climate, altitude, topography, other species, population density, water/food/soil/air quality, season |
| How can we establish causation within an individual? | Establish evidence of disease process assoc. with a pathogen, virulence traits and animal pathogenicity models (infectious agent causes same disease when exposed to a susceptible animal) |
| What are the 3 parts of taxonomy? | Classification, nomenclature and identification |
| What are the features/purpose of the cytoplasmic membrane? | Phospholipid bilayer, osmotic barrier, responsible for many functions perfermed by organelles |
| What are the features and types of bacterial cell wall? | Rigid carbohydrate-based structure, maintains shape and protects cytoplasmic membrane, gram neg or pos |
| What are the 4 main steps when doing a gram stain on a slide? | Crystal violet, iodine (trapping dye), acetone (decolourise), safranin (counter stain) |
| What are the visible differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? | Gram + retain crystal violet, gram - show counterstain |
| What are the features of the gram positive cell wall? | Lipoteichoic acid polymers, bound to cell membrane and/or peptidoglycan, antigenic specificity |
| What are the features of the gram negative cell wall? | Lipopolysaccharide, protects against enzymatic attack, aids survival in small intestine |
| What are the nutrient requirements of bacteria? | Water, carbon/energy source, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus |
| What are some features of enveloped viruses? | Have host phospholipids, have glycoproteins of viral origin, lipid rich, more fragile, need humoral AND cell mediated immunity |
| What are some features of non-enveloped viruses? | More resilient, have capsid cell surface proteins, only need humoral immunity |
| What are some features of DNA viruses? | Most are double-stranded, most replicate in the nucleus, stable, less prone to mutation, persistent infection |
| What are some features of RNA viruses? | Most are single-stranded, most replicate in cytoplasm, labile and prone to mutation |
| What are the 2 types of metazoan parasites? | Arthropods and Helminths |
| What are the 2 types of arthropods? | Insects (flies, mosquitoes) and acarines (ticks, mites) |
| What are the 3 types of helminths? | Nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) |
| What are the 3 segments of tapeworms? | Scolex, neck, strobila |
| What is the pathogen to disease flow? | Source --> attachment and entry --> invasion --> evasion --> replication --> damage and symptoms --> recovery, persist or death --> transmission to susceptible animal |
| What are the 3 pathogenic characteristics that determine virulence? | Invasiveness, infectivity and pathogenicity |
| How is virulence measured? | Infectious dose (ID50) or Lethal dose (LD50). Pathogen is more virulent if it takes less to establish an infeciton and cause disease |
| What are some characteristics of saprophytes? | Live freely in enviro, don't normally infect animal, enviro conditions can have dramatic effect on number of organisms, germination occurs due to trauma to coat or exposure to favourable enviros for growth |
| What are some features of respiratory pathogens? | Aerosols that adhere to host cells, mucous membranes, trachea, alveoli or nasopharynx. Concurrent infections aid bacterial colonisation by interfering with pulmonary clearance mechanisms |
| What are some features of intestinal pathogens? | Resistant to low pH and bile salt, motility adaptations for fluid (flagella) |
| How might a pathogen enter via the urogenital tract? | Attachment and flagella are important, trauma during mating, sexual transmission |
| What are the 3 locations where dissemination can occur? | Blood/lymph, neural, between visceral organs |
| How does dissemination occur in blood or lymph? | Septicaemia, deposited in capillary beds- growing regions where flow rates are low |
| How does neural dissemination occur? | Peipheral nervous system to the central nervous system across blood-brain barrier |
| How does dissemination occur between visceral organs? | Fluids with peritoneal and pleural cavity, infections can extent from a local external site internally |
| What are the 2 modes of horizontal transmission? | Direct- susceptible animal has physical contact with infected animal/secretions Indirect- no direct physical contact, carried by vector or fomite |
Created by:
tazza261
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