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A&P: Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| element | A single pure substance consisting of only one type of atom |
| Atom | Smallest unit of an element that retains unique properties of the element |
| Protons | Have a positive electric charge |
| Neutrons | Have no electric charge |
| Electrons | Have a negative electric charge |
| Atomic number | Equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus |
| Ion | Charged atom |
| Isotopes | Atoms that contain a different number of neutrons |
| Radioactive isotope | Emits particles of energy at a constant rate and thereby changes into a stable, noradioactie element |
| Rate of decay | |
| Electron shell | The area around the nucleus where the electrons have their most likely position First shell: holds only 2 electrons Second shell: can hold up to 8 electrons |
| Compound | A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements |
| Molecule | Smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of that compound |
| Solution | Homogenous mixture of various substances (ex: water) Compound: solvent & solutes |
| Colloid | (Or emulsions) Heterogeneous mixtures that contain larger sized solutes than solutions (ex: jello) |
| Suspension | Heterogeneous mixtures containing large solutes that readily separate from teh solution when there is no movement of suspension (ex: blood) |
| Chemical bond | When two atoms are sharing or transferring electrons between them |
| Covalent bond | Strong chemical bond when atoms share electrons Electrons spend time in outer shell of one atom and the rest in outer shell of another atom |
| Single, double, and triple covalent bonds | When 1, 2, or 3 electrons are shared |
| Polar molecule | A molecule with oppositely charged ends |
| Ionic bond | When electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Electrostatic attraction | |
| Cation | A positively charged ion |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion |
| Ion | An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. |
| Hydrogen bond | More of an electrostatic attraction Electrons are neither shared or transferred Weaker than covalent and ionic bonds |
| Chemical reaction | Involves the formation and breaking of chemical bonds 3 types: synthesis, decomposition, and exchange |
| Chemical equation | The way in which he reaction is described in writing |
| Synthesis reaction | A new and more complex chemical is made by combining multiple smaller molecules or elements together |
| Protein | Used for cell structures and structural body tissues, for controlling chemical reactions, for regulating growth, and for defending the body from invaders |
| Decomposition reaction | Constructive |
| A single chemical is broken down into multiple, smaller chemical units | |
| Catabolic | Degradative |
| Exchange reaction | Atoms are exchanged between molecules A combination of synthesis and decomposition |
| Activation energy | The energy required for the reaction to happen |
| Catalyst | Usually special proteins that hold the reactants together to they may interact Catalyst proteins are called enzymes |
| Enzymes | A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction |
| Organic compounds | Tend to be large, complex molecules that contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds Including: proteins, carbohydrates, triglycerides, and nucleic acids |
| Inorganic molecules | Including: water, salts, acids, and bases Rarely contain carbon, and do not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds Tend to be small molecules and often have ionic bonding |
| Solute | Chemicals added to water |
| Solvent | The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
| Hydrophilic | Water-loving |
| Hydrophobic | Water-hating |
| Electrolytes | Substances that have the ability to transmit an electric charge |
| pH scale | 1: most acidic 14: most alkaline or basic 7: neutral |
| Buffer | A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to id. Typically, a weak acid of alkali together with one of its salts |
| Buffering the solution | Keeping the pH in a neutral range |
| Macromolecules | Long, complex molecules, often with repeating units |
| Carbohydrates | Molecules used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structures Ex: sugar and starch |
| Monosaccharide | Any sugars that cannot by hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar |
| Disaccharide | When two monosaccharides are joined together |
| Hydrolysis | The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water |
| Polysaccharides | The combinations of many monosaccharides all joined by dehydration synthesis |
| Glycoprotein | A macromolecule composed of a carbohydrate attached to a protein Important roles: adhesion of the cell to other cells and recognition of molecules to be transported into the cell |
| Lipids | Used as energy and are stored in fat for future energy needs |
| Neutral fats / triglyceride | Contains 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule Used for energy |
| Phospholipids | 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol In place of 3rd fatty acid, there is a phosphate group Main component of cellular membranes |
| Steroids | Lipids that take form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings Hydrophobic, non-polar substances with very little oxygen |
| Eicosanoids | Lipids formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid and a ring structure Important substances for the mediation of complex chemical processes in teh body |
| Lipoproteins | Used to transport fats within the body The hydrophilic proteins allow the fats to be shielded from the blood plasma |
| Cholesterol | Used in the formation of bile salts, which aid in fat digestion Also used in adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries for creation of steroid hormones including: cortisone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone |
| Prostaglandins (PGs) | Mediate inflammation |
| Thromboxane | Mediates platelet function |
| Leukotrienes | Mediate bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production |
| Amino acids |
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juliaportella
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