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Common integument
302.3 Vet nursing Common integument (skin, fur and hooves)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 layers of the skin | Epidermis, Dermis |
| What is the epidermis made of? | Stratified squamous epithelium (layered, flat cells) |
| What is the dermis made of? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Tough protective layer of the skin, with no blood supply or nerves. | Epidermis |
| Underlying layer of skin. Well supplied with nerves and blood supply. Contains glands and hair follicles. | Dermis |
| 5 layers of the epithilium | Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale |
| Outermost layer of epidermis | Stratum corneum |
| Dead cells that make up the stratum corneum. Made of keratin and provide a waterproof covering. | Corneocytes |
| Clear, lipid containing cells and 2nd layer of epidermis. Only found on nose and footpads. | Stratum lucidum |
| 3rd layer of the epidermis. The cells begin to die. They are slightly flattened and start to keratinise. | Stratum granulosum |
| 4th layer of the epidermis. The cells are still alive and have a spiky appearance. | Stratum spinosum |
| Bottom layer of epidermis. Single layer of cells. Contains melanocytes. | Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) |
| Layer of loose connective tissue and fat lying under the dermis | Subcutis (hypodermis) |
| What is hair important for? | Warmth and protection (barrier and camoflage) |
| Hair grows from follicles in which layer of skin? | Dermis |
| Bump of dermis at the bottom of the hair follicle | Dermal papilla |
| The dermal papilla provides what for the growing hair? | Blood and nerve supply |
| The visible part of the hair, above the skin surface | Hair shaft |
| The hidden part of the hair in the follicle | Hair root |
| 3 stages of hair growth | Anagen, Catagen, Telogen |
| What is the anagen stage of hair growth? | Rapid growth phase |
| What is the catagen stage of hair growth? | Transitional phase |
| What is the telogen stage of hair growth? | Resting phase with no growth |
| Muscle which makes the hair stand on end | Arrector pili muscle |
| 3 types of hair | Guard hairs, Wool hairs, Tactile hairs |
| What are guard hairs? | Primary hairs, long outer coat, waterproof |
| What are wool hairs? | Secondary hairs, soft undercoat, numerous |
| What are tactile hairs? | Thick, stiff hairs with good blood and nerve supply. Include whiskers and eyelashes |
| What do sebaceous glands secrete? | Sebum |
| 5 properties of sebum | Waterproofs coat, Shiny coat and supple skin, Antiseptic, Pheremone, Helps produce vit D from sunlight |
| Other name for sweat glands | Sudoriferous glands |
| 2 types of sweat gland | Apocrine and eccrine |
| What are apocrine sweat glands? | Associated with hair follicles. Contains fat and protein which bacteria eat - BO |
| What are eccrine sweat glands? | Directly on surface of skin. In dogs only on foot pads and nose. |
| Mammary glands are modified what? | Sweat glands |
| How many pairs of nipples do dogs have? | 5 |
| How many pairs of nipples do cats have? | 4 |
| How many foot pads are on the front foot? | 7 |
| How many foot pads are on the hind foot? | 5 |
| Specialised region of the epidermis where claw grows from | Coronary border |
| What is the hoof made from? | Tough insensitive epidermal tissue called horn |
| 8 external parts of the hoof | Frog, Sole, Bulbs of heel, Seat of corn, Bars, Coronet, White line, Periople |
| What is the frog of the hoof? | Small triangular wedge that plays an important part in blood circulation, absorption of concussion and grip |
| What is the sole of the hoof? | Concave in shape and supports and protects the structures within the foot. Can be susceptible to bruising |
| What are the bulbs of the hoof? | Back of the foot and works with the frog and sole to assisst circulation |
| What is the seat of corn of the hoof? | Point of the sole where bars make an angle with the walls of the hoof |
| What are the bars of the hoof? | Allow for expasion of foot and provide strength |
| What is the coronet of the hoof? | Point from which the horn tissue grows and extends. can take 9-12 months to grow from coronet to tip of hoof. |
| What is the white line of the hoof? | Boundary between internal and external structures of the foot. Used as a guide when nailing shoes on hoof |
| What is the periople of the hoof? | Forms an outer layer to protect hoof from becoming dry and brittle. Covers coronet. |
| 4 internal parts of the hoof | Bones, Digital cushion, Lateral cartilages, Corium |
| What is the digital cushion in the hoof? | Wedge shaped structure just above the frog. Fills the space above the heel of the foot. Absorbs concussion and encourages circulation |
| What are the lateral cartilages? | 2 curved discs of cartilage attached to pedal bone. Assist digital cushion to absorb shock and assist circulation |
| What is the corium of the hoof? | Living tissue immediately beneath the hoof wall. Sensitive, vascular dermis. Named according to the parts of the hoof it nourishes. |
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