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eye general congenit
pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| retinaneuroepithelium of the iris and ciliary body | neuroectoderm |
| cornea, lens, eyelids | surface ectoderm |
| extraocular musclesvascular endothelium | mesoderm |
| invaginates, forming the lens vesicle | lens placode |
| optic vesicle becomes the | optic cup |
| eventually becomes the lens | lens vesicle |
| become the neural and pigmented layers of the retina | the two layers of the optic cup |
| composed of 5 layers | cornea |
| swelling and painsensitivity to light | conjunctival discharge |
| blindness resulting from | alterations in the cornea, lens, humorsdamage to the retina, optic nerveextraocular lesions on the brain |
| excessive or decreased lacrimationopacity of the cornea or lensexophthalmosendophthalmos | Clinical expressions of disease |
| HistoryPhysical examinationOphthalmoscopic examinationElectroretinographyCultures of lacrimal fluidPostmortem examination | Diagnostic procedures |
| absence of the eye | Anophthalmos |
| presence of a single, central eye | Cyclopia |
| incomplete separation, or early fusion, of paired globes | Synopthalmia |
| abnormally small eyeinherited defect in Collie dogs | Microphthalmia |
| inversion of the eyelids trichiasis | Entropion |
| eversion of the eyelids | Ectropion |
| rubbing of the eyelashes against the eye surface | Trichiasis |
| of veterinary importance | ColobomaCollie eye anomaly |
| failure of complete fusion of the lips of the embryonic choroid fissure | Coloboma |
| outpouching of neurectoderm | scleral ectasia |
| a defect in the form of a gap, notch or fissure of part of the eye as a result of improper development of the optic cup | Coloboma |
| the posterior portions of the eye (optic disc, iris, ciliary body) most often affected | Coloboma |
| inherited in Charolais cattle | Coloboma |
| cavitation of the choroid and scleracavity lined by a thinned retinal layer | Coloboma |
| inheritedautosomal recessiverough and smooth Collies and shetland sheepdogs | Collie eye anomaly |
| improper development of the optic cupabnormal formation of choroid and retinachorioretinal dysplasia or choroidal hypoplasia | Collie eye anomaly |
| abnormal retinal vesselsareas of chorioretinal dysplasia or hypoplasiaectasiaoptic discscleraposterior staphyloma± severe visual impairment | Collie eye anomaly |
| sequelae:retinal degeneration and detachmentintraocular hemorrhage | Collie eye anomaly |
| initially, the iris forms as a solid sheet of mesodermal tissue | pupillary membrane |
| pupillary membrane later on, some of this tissue dissipates >> forming the | pupil |
| delayed or incomplete atrophy of the anterior perilenticular vascular network | Persistent pupillary membrane |
| in dogs, persistent remnants are common up to 6 months of age | Persistent pupillary membrane |
| atrophy is frequently incomplete at birth | Persistent pupillary membrane |
| inherited in:Basenji Chow Chow Pembroke Welsh Corgi | Persistent pupillary membrane |
| short, threadlike protrusions from the area of the minor arterial circle | iris collarette |
| Persistent pupillary membraneclinical significance | obstructed visioncorneal or lens opacity |
| due to dysplasia of corneal endothelium or lens because of contact with the strands | corneal or lens opacity |
| Developmental anomaliesBlepharitisNeoplasms | Diseases of the eyelids |
| partial defect (coloboma) involving the upper eyelid is the | most common |
| abnormal or prolonged fusion or adhesion of the eyelids | Ankyloblepharon |
| Premature eyelid separation | Ankyloblepharon |
| essential to protect the immature cornea from infectious keratitis, dessication, and corneal rupture | Physiologic ankyloblepharon in carnivores |
| persists into the 2nd week of life | Congenital ankyloblepharon in dogs and cats |
| should have their eyes open at birth | ruminants and horses |
| inward rolling of the eyelid margin (inversion or infolding) because of inadequate overall length | Entropion |
| irritation of the cornea by the eyelid skin, cilia, and/or hair | Entropion sequel |
| very common anomaly in purebred dogs | Entropion |
| created by undue laxity of an excessively long eyelid resulting in an outward gaping of the eyelid margin | Ectropion |
| chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis from exposure to debris | Ectropion sequel |
| presence of an ectopic row of cilia originating from the ducts of the Meibomian glandsusually bilateral | Distichiasis |
| corneal irritation | Distichiasis sequel |
| misdirection of the normal cilia | Trichiasis |
| corneal irritation leading to keratitis and even ulceration | Trichiasis sequel |
| abnormally placed cilia within the lamina propria of the conjunctiva | Ectopic cilia |
| their emergence through the palpebral conjunctiva can cause severe corneal irritation | Ectopic cilia sequel |
| FocalDiffuse | Blepharitis |
| Hordeolum (stye)Chalazion | Blepharitis Focal |
| suppurative adenitis of the adnexal glands of Moll or Zeis | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye)External |
| suppurative adenitis of the Meibomian gland | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye)internal |
| persistent inflammation >> sebaceous secretions extend into the adjacent soft tissues >> granulomatous response | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye) sequel |
| DDxadenomafungal granulomalymphoid hyperplasia | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye) |
| sterile granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland | Blepharitis Focal Chalazion |
| Blepharitis Focal Chalazion DDx | Meibomian gland adenomas |
| Blepharitis Diffuse Types | ulcerative, seborrheic, allergic, actinic, parasitic |
| Blepharitis Diffuse seen in dermatomyositis in | Shetland sheepdogs |
| erythema, crusting, vesiculation, erosiondorsum of the nose, inner aspects of the pinna, perioral and periocular regions | dermatomyositis in Shetland sheepdogs |
| dogs and cats | Nerve sheath tumors |
| cats, horses, cattle | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| cats | Mast cell tumor |
| horses | Sarcoids |
| most common tumor of canine eyelid (80% of all eyelid tumors) | Meibomian gland adenoma |
| exact counterpart of sebaceous adenomas | Meibomian gland adenoma |
| 2nd most common tumor of the canine eyeliduniversally benign | Melanocytoma |
| non-keratinized, stratified squamous epitheliumgoblet cells | normal conjunctiva |
| dogs: St. Bernard, Dalmatianlateral canthus or limbus | Dermoids |
| hereford cattle: autosomal recessive and polygenic trait3rd eyelid, medial canthus, eyelid | Dermoids |
| rare in domestic species | Extension of the conjunctiva over the cornea |
| benign, raised, wedge-shaped growth of the conjunctiva | Pterygium |
| (cattle, horses in western USA and Canada) | Thelazia sp |
| corneal/conjunctival edema | chemosis |
| tenacious, sticky exudate | keratinisation and goblet cell hyperplasia |
| Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitisNodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)Necrotic scleritis | Conjunctivitis types |
| Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis | conjunctival counterpart of the eosinophilic keratitis syndrome |
| seen in cats and horses | Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis |
| ulcerationepithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasiacellular infiltrationlymphocytes, eosinophils | Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis |
| nodular lesion of the conjunctival lamina propria | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE) |
| Collie, Shetland Sheepdog, Cocker Spaniel, Rottweiler, and Labrador Retriever | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE) |
| syn.: ocular nodular fasciitis, fibrous histiocytoma, collie granulomasites: lateral limbus, 3rd eyelid | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE) |
| nodular accumulation of macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells in the lamina propria; no collagenolysis and not many granulocytes | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)histologically |
| neoplasia, excessive granulation tissue, cysts, foreign body, focal infections, granulomas, uveitis | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)DDx |
| idiopathic “immune-mediated” disease in dogs; can be mistaken for NGE | Necrotic scleritis |
| nodular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva or underlying sclera posterior to the limbus | Necrotic scleritis |
| destructive lesion with collagenolysisnumerous eosinophils+ macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes (also seen in NGE) | Necrotic scleritishistologically |
| cattle > horse > dogs and cats | Neoplasms of the conjunctiva |
| cattleSCC is the most frequent | predispositions: actinic irradiation, hypomelanosis, IBR virus infection, genetic (Herefords) |
| horse | predispositions: actinic irradiation, hypomelanosis, IBR virus infection, genetic (Herefords) |
| dog | primary neoplasms are uncommonhemangiomas, viral papillomas, melanoma and histiocytomas do occur |
| cat | Neoplasms of the conjunctiva rare |
| faint loss of transparencycan be seen with oblique illumination | Nebula |
| light gray spotcan be visualized in natural light | Macula |
| any dense white spotindicates moderate to severe corneal disease | Leukoma |
| contamination of ulcers with bacteria or fungi>> suppurative destructive keratomalacia | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”) |
| due to:bystander injury from neutrophilsproteases of bacterial or fungal origin | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”) |
| sequelaedescematocele and corneal perforation | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”) |
| specific example: equine keratomycosis | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”) |
| congenital, developmental anomalies affecting the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva or cornea | Ocular dermoids |
| failure of the fetal ectoderm to undergo complete corneal “metaplasia”portion of the cornea remains as skin | Ocular dermoids |
| commonest in the dogtemporal limbusraised islands of skin with:long, soft hair orflattened plaque-like areas with short stiff hairhairs cause local irritationhair removal is simple and effective | Ocular dermoids |
| an outpouching (ectasia) of the cornea that is lined by uveal tissueembryogenic defectlesionsdark brown or blackperforation is common | Congenital anterior staphyloma |
| due to the entrapment of groups of epithelial cells in the developing cornealesionsopaque whitecystic enlargement may occur | Congenital inclusion cyst |
| small corneasporadic in many breedsespecially the miniature schnauzerheritableassociated with cataract formation | Microcornea |
| Ulcerative Non-ulcerative | Keratitis |
| etiology:trauma (physcial, chemical)dessicationinfection Moraxella bovis in cattle >> "pink eye“most prevalent in summer (↑ fly activity)FHV-1 in cats >> “dendritic” ulcersimmune-mediated1° degeneration of corneal epithelium | Ulcerative keratitis |
Created by:
alljacks
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