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Pharmacology
Nervous System Drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This anticholinergic is commonly used as a pre-anesthetic to dry secretions, prevent bradycardia and to slow intestinal movements. | atropine |
| This anti cholinergic is also used frequently with pre-anesthetics because it is very similar to atropine except that it provides longer duration of action and it is more expensive. | Glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V) |
| Pilocarpine, a cholinergic, is used to reduce the intraocular pressure associated with what condition? | glaucoma |
| Metoclopramide (Reglan) is a cholinergic given to animals that are __________________. | vomiting |
| What is the other name for epinephrine? | adrenalin |
| Epinephrine decreases or increases the heart rate? | increases |
| The primary purpose of norepinephrine is to be a vasopressor which means it will do what to the BP? | raise it!! |
| Acepromazine is a tranquilizer that causes vasodilation or vasoconstriction. Which one? | vasodilation |
| The antidote for xylazine toxicity is _______________________. | yohimbine (Yobine) |
| The reversal agent for dexmedetomidine is ______________. | Atipamezole (Antisedan) |
| The beta blocker, propranolol, is used to treat what heart conditions? | arrhythmias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| This drug is a beta blocker used to treat glaucoma. The trade name for it is Timoptic. What is the generic name? | Timolol |
| This tranquilizer is used often in horses but it is also used in cats to induce vomiting. | xylazine |
| What are the three things that xylazine can do when administered? | analgesia, sedation, and muscle relaxant |
| The trade name Rompun is very common for which drug? | xylazine |
| What drug is similar to xylazine and is used as a sedative/analgesic for horses? | detomidine |
| Dormosedan is a trade name for what drug? | detomidine |
| "Kitty Magic" is made up of what three drugs? | ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and an opioid such as morphine |
| What is dexmedetomidine used for in dogs and cats? | sedative and analgesic |
| Sedivet is a sedative used to be able to handle horses. What is the generic name? | romifidine |
| True or False-Barbiturates may be used for euthanasia. | true, but can also be used for sedation, anticonvulsants, general anesthesia too!` |
| Barbiturates depress what body functions? | cardiac and pulmonary |
| Barbiturates are metabolized by what organ? | liver |
| What are the three classifications of barbiturates? | long-acting, short-acting, and ultrashort-acting |
| The barbiturates called phenobarbital is what schedule of controlled substances? | IV |
| Phenobarbital is primarily used to prevent _______________________. | seizures |
| Pentobarbital is used primarily to stop __________________. | seizures |
| What schedule of controlled substances is pentobarbital? | II |
| Is it pentobarbital or phenobarbital that can be used as a euthanasia solution? | pentobarbital |
| What drug can we give to control salivation after we have given ketamine? | atropine or glycopyrrolate |
| Ketamine is classified as what type of agent? | dissociative |
| How do cats respond to ketamine? | they can have real stiff legs, eyes remain open, salivation |
| What drugs are often used with ketamine to help with muscle relaxation? | diazepam, xylazine, dexmedetomidine |
| What schedule drug is ketamine? | III |
| What drug could be used instead of ketamine mixed with a tranquilizer? | Tiletamine (Telazol) it has zolazepam in it which helps with muscle relaxation |
| Opium is produced from what flower? | poppy |
| What are the four opioid receptor classes? | Mu, Kappa, Sigma, Delta |
| What does analgesic mean? | pain relieving |
| What are some of the negative side effects of giving opioids? | respiratory depressant, panting, vomiting, gas, defecation |
| Which organ metabolizes opioids? | liver |
| What schedule II opioid drug is used to treat severe pain, used as a pre-anesthetic or anesthetic? | Morphine |
| What do opioid antagonists do? | block the effects of opioids!!! |
| What are some examples of opioid antagonists? | naloxone, nalorphine, butorphanol |
| What is a neuroleptanalgesic?? | an opioid and a tranquilizer |
| What are neuroleptanalgesics used for? | sedation, restraint, and anesthesia |
| Can a veterinarian mix two drugs and make a neuroleptanalgesic? | YES! They can mix acepromazine and morphine, acepromazine and oxymorphone, and xylazine and butorphanol |
| Why is scavenging of waste from anesthetics important? | waste gases are a health hazard to humans; can cause reproductive, hepatic, and renal problems |
| Why is propofol called "milk of amnesia"? | It is white and milky looking and it is an anesthetic. |
| How is propofol given? | IV |
| Why is propofol great to use for cesarean sections? | It does not cross the placental barrier. |
| What can happen if propofol is given IV too fast? | apnea |
| What species is guaifenesin usually used in? | equines |
| What is guaifenesin used for? | muscle relaxer, induce general anesthesia |
| What are CNS stimulants used for? | respiratory depression or arrest |
| Name one CNS stimulant. | CAFFEINE (MY FAVORITE) , DOXAPRAM, AMPHETAMINES-NOT USUALLY USED IN VET MED, PENTYLENETETRAZOL |
| Dopram, a CNS stimulant, is used for what purpose during a cesarean? | to stimulate the newborn to breathe |
| What route of administration is used when administering Dopram to a newborn? | under the tongue and absorbed or in the umbilical vein |
| What is the term used for muscle relaxants? | neuromuscular blocking drugs |
| What is the purpose in using neuromuscular blocking drugs? | adjunct to general anesthesia esp. for ophthalmic or orthopedic surgeries and to aid in endotracheal intubation |
| What are the five neurotransmitters of clinical importance in behavioral pharmacotherapy? | acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA |
| What is the most widely distributed neurotransmitter in the body? | acetylcholine |
| What are the three most common benzodiazepines used in veterinary medicine to treat animals with anxiety, fears, phobias, aggression, urine marking and for appetite stimulation? | Diazepam (Valium), Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan) THESE SOUND FAMILIAR DON'T THEY???? |
| What makes Buspirone different from the other behavioral drugs? | it does not provide any muscle relaxation, not an anticonvulsant, nor does it have any sedative effects |
| What class of antidepressants can be used for separation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization, and urine marking? | tricyclics |
| What is the main drug that is used for euthanasia? | pentobarbital |
| Fluoxetine is the generic name. What is the trade name for veterinary medicine? | Reconcile---Prozac.........people!! |
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