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The Skeletal System
302.3 Vet nursing The skeletal system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? | Movement, Stability, Protection, Storage, Haemopoiesis (new blood cells) |
| Which type of bone is hard and dense? | Compact |
| Which type of bone is spongy and lighter? | Cancellous |
| What are the 4 bone shapes? | Long, short, flat and irregular |
| Describe long bones (+examples) | Longer than they are wide. Contain bone marrow. (most bones of the limbs) |
| Name of the cavity in long bones filled with bone marrow. | Medullary cavity |
| Describe short bones (+examples) | Shaped like small cubes. Core of cancellous bone covered by compact bone. (carpal and tarsal bones) |
| Describe flat bones (+examples) | Relatively thin and flat. (scapula, skull bones, ribs, pelvis) |
| Describe irregular bones (+examples) | Anything not one of the other categories. (vertebrae, sesamoid, patella) |
| Dense vascular connective tissue surrounding bones | Periosteum |
| Channel in bones for vessels and nerves | Nutrient foramen |
| How do most bones in the body develop? | Endochondral ossification |
| What is endochondral ossification | Use of a cartilage model to lay down bone |
| Where does the bone start growing? | Shaft of the bone |
| Another name for the bone shaft | Diaphysis |
| What cells create new bone? | Osteoblasts |
| What cells break down bone? | Osteoclasts |
| What are the end of the bones called? | Epiphysis |
| Narrow band of cartilage that allows lengthening of the bone in young animals | Growth plate |
| Method of bone formation of skull bones | Intramembranous ossification |
| What is intramembranous ossification? | Bone forms between the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the foetus |
| What are joint surfaces called? | Articular surfaces |
| Large round articular surface. On the distal end of the humerus and femur | Condyle |
| Spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone | Head |
| Flat articular surface between carpal, tarsal and vertebrae | Facet |
| A hole in a bone (plural) | Foramen (foramina) |
| A depression or sunken are on the surface of a bone. Usually occupied by muscles or tendons | Fossa |
| 3 parts of the skeletal system | Axial, Appendicular, Splanchnic |
| What comprises the axial skeleton? | Skull, spine to the tip of the tail, ribs and sternum |
| What comprises the appendicular skeleton? | Front and hind limbs, pelvis and shoulder blades |
| What comprises the splanchnic skeleton? | Os penis in most mammals. Os cordis in cows. |
| 3 morphological forms of the dog skull | Dolichocephalic (long), Brachycephalic (short), Mesocephalic (normal) |
| 4 parts of the skull | Cranium, maxilla, mandible, hyoid apparatus |
| Where is the cranium of the skull? | Upper section which houses the brain |
| Where is the maxilla on the skull? | Upper jaw and nasal cavity |
| Where is the mandible on the skull? | Lower jaw |
| Where is the hyoid apparatus on the skull? | Attaches the larynx to the temporal bone of the cranium |
| Skull bone that covers most of the cranial cavity | Parietal bone |
| Skull bone that houses the structure of the middle ear | Temporal bone |
| Skull bone that contains the frontal sinus which connects to the nasal cavity | Frontal bone |
| Skull bone that has foramen magnum through which the spinal cord passes | Occipital bone |
| Skull bone that is the floor of the cranial cavity | Sphenoid complex |
| Ridge of bone on dorsal midline of skull | Saggital crest |
| Name for the cheek bone | Zygomatic arch |
| Skull bone where tears drain through to nasal cavity | Lacrimal bone |
| Skull bone which form the sides of the nasal cavity | Maxilla |
| Skull bone which forms the roof of the nasal cavity | Nasal bone |
| Cartilagenous plate which divides the nasal cavity length ways | Nasal septum |
| Fills the nasal cavity (also known as) | Nasal turbinates (conchae) |
| Bone which forms the boundary between the nasal and cranial cavities | Ethmoid bone |
| Which 3 bones form the hard palate? | Incisive, palatine, maxilla |
| Fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull | Sutures |
| Name for the lower jaw | Mandible |
| Cartilagenous joint that joins the two sides of the mandible | Mandibular symphysis |
| What are the 2 regions the mandible is split into? | Vertical ramus and horizontal body |
| The joint where the skull and mandible articulate | Temporomandibular joint |
| Place of muscle attachment of the temporal muscle on the mandible | Coronoid process |
| Point on the ramus that joins on to the temporal bone | Condylar process |
| What is the purpose of the hyoid apparatus? | Supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx and the larynx and helps the animal swallow |
| What are the 5 regions of the vertebrae? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
| Dogs and cats have how many cervical vertebrae? | 7 |
| Dogs and cats have how many thoracic vertebrae? | 13 |
| Dogs and cats have how many lumbar vertebrae? | 7 |
| Dogs and cats have how many sacral vertebrae? | 3 (fused) |
| Dogs and cats have how many coccygeal vertebrae? | 20 or more |
| Name of the first cervical vertebrae? (C1) | Atlas |
| Name of the second cervical vertebrae? (C2) | Axis |
| The bulk of the vertebrae | Body |
| Dorsal projection from the vertebrae | Spinous process |
| Lateral projections from the vertebrae | Transverse process |
| Projection from the vertebrae that forms joints with the adjacent vertebrae | Articular process |
| Top part of the superior articular process on lumbar vertebrae | Mamillary process |
| Hole through which the spinal cord passes through the vertebrae | Vertebral foramen |
| The dorsal region of the vertebrae (not the body) | Neural arch |
| Fibrocartilage discs in between each of the vertebrae | Intervertebral discs |
| Name of the inner core of the intervertebral disc | Nucleus pulposus |
| The tough outer connective tissue of the intervertebral disc | Annulus fibrosis |
| How many pairs of ribs do cats and dogs have? | 13 |
| The dorsal part of the ribs is made out of what? | Bone |
| The central part of the ribs is made out of what? | Cartilage |
| What is the cartilage on the central part of the ribs called? | Costal cartilage |
| What is the junction between the bone and cartilage of the ribs called? | Costochondral junction |
| What are ribs 1-8 known as? | Sternal ribs |
| What are ribs 9-12 called? | Asternal or false ribs |
| What are the last pair of ribs (13) called? | Floating ribs |
| What is the space between the ribs called? | Intercostal space |
| How many sternebrae make up the sternum? | 8 |
| What is the most cranial sternebrae called? | Manubrium |
| The most caudal sternebrae | Xiphoid process |
| Cartilage that projects caudally from the sternum | Xiphoid cartilage |
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