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Nursing care
311.5 Vet nursing nursing care of medical patients
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does holistic care mean? | Considering and treating the patient as a whole |
| What chronic illness may older patients suffer from which will influence how nursing care should be provided? | Arthritis, deaf, blind, diabetes, dementia, dental disease, reduced urinary continence |
| What additional nursing care could be provided to geriatric patients? | More blankets, more attention, warmer kennel, special diet, announce presence, more meds for pain, find out daily routine |
| When is the neonatal period of puppies and kittens? | The first week to 10 days |
| What risks do neonates face? | Hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, no immune system, |
| How long does the dam produce colostrum for? | The first day or 2 after whelping |
| What is colostrum? | The first milk produced by the dam. It contains maternal antibodies, nutrients, vitamins and electrolytes essential for the neonates |
| When hand feeding neonates, how often should they be fed? | Every 2-3 hours in the first week, increasing to 6-8 hours by 4 weeks |
| What temperature should the milk be warmed to? | 37-38oC |
| What age should solid food be introduced? | 3-4 weeks of age. Mix with milk and gradually thickened until 6 weeks |
| How is urination and defecation initiated in hand reared neonates? | A warm moist piece of cotton wool is used to wipe the perineum to stimulate them to urinate and defecate. |
| How often should neonates be weighed? | Daily |
| How much weight should neonates put on each day? | 5-10% per day. By day 10-12 they should weigh double their birth weight |
| What is diabetes mellitus? | Relative or absolute deficiency of insulin. Glucose can't be transported from the blood stream to the cells |
| What are the signs of hypoglycaemia? | Shivering and ataxia, weakness, disorientation |
| What blood glucose level indicates hypoglycaemia? | 3.3mmol/l or lower |
| How can you help a patient suffering from hypoglycaemia? | Offer a meal, glucose powder, glycogen, honey, IV glucose |
| What is a glucose curve? | A patients blood glucose being measured every 2-3 hours to ensure their diabetes is controlled |
| How should insulin be stored? | Upright in the fridge |
| What route is insulin administered? | SC |
| Why should you record a diabetes patient's weight daily? | Good indication of how controlled their diabetes is. Low insulin-lose weight |
| What is congestive heart failure? | Heart not pumping properly |
| How is CHF usually diagnosed? | Fluid collecting around lungs and in abdomen, show up white in x-ray. Lethargic and difficulty breathing. Enlarged heart pressing on trachea which can cause coughing. |
| Nursing care for CHF? | little stress, out to toilet often (diuretics) but little exercise, keep warm, monitor cardiac output. |
| Some causes of hepatic disease? | Drugs (paracetamol), Bacterial infection (lepto), diet, Viral infection (adenovirus), tumours, metabolic (diabetes/cushing's), congenital (portosystemic shunt) |
| Nursing care for hepatic patients? | Stress-free, cage rest, abdominal pain, assisted feeding (not high protein), monitor for hepatic encephalopathy |
| Signs of hepatic encephalopathy? | Head pressing, ataxia, seizures |
| Causes of renal disease? | Lily poisoning, heavy metal poisoning, NSAID, antifreeze, kidney stones. Also common in older cats |
| Clinical signs in renal disease | PUPD, depression, reduced appetite, weight loss, oral ulceration, vomiting |
| Nursing care for renal patients? | stress-free, IVFT, monitor urine output, hydration level, assisted feeding, keep warm |
| What is pancreatitis? | Inflammation of the pancreas. leaking digestive enzymes into the abdominal cavity |
| Signs of pancreatitis? | Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, possible prayer position, anorexia, depression |
| Nursing care for pancreatic patient? | Keep comfortable, pain relief, tempted to eat little and often, monitor urine for glucose |
| What are seizures? | Altered electrical activity in the brain. Symptom of a disease, not a diagnosis |
| How long do seizures normally last? | No more than 3 minutes |
| 3 stages of a seizure | Preictal, ictal, post-ictal |
| What is the preictal stage? | Before the seizure. May become restless, whine or tremble |
| What is the ictal stage? | Actual seizure itself |
| What is the post-ictal stage | Period after seizure. Usually quite confused/disorientated. may be temporarily blind. can last from minutes to hours+ |
| Nursing care for seizure patient? | Very quiet, minimal stimulation, keep dark, IV catheter, doses for anti-seizure meds calculated and attached to front of kennel, record duration and severity of convulsion, keep dry and clean |
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