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Ch. 14 See & Hear
Veterinary Medical Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ocular System | responsible for vision |
| Eyes | receptor organs for sight |
| Opt/i, Opt/o, Optic/o, Ocul/o, Ophthalm/o | meaning "eye or sight" |
| Extraocular | outside the eyeball |
| Intraocular | inside the eyeball |
| Periocular | around the eyeball |
| Adnexa | accessory structures of an organ |
| Stroma | supporting tissue of an organ |
| Orbit | bony cavity of the skull that contains the eyeball |
| Periorbita | eye socket |
| Eye Muscles | 7 major muscles attached to each eye that make range of motion possible. (2 oblique, 4 rectus, 1 retractor bulbi) |
| Binocular | meaning both eyes, the muscles of both eyes work together in coordinated movements that make normal binocular vision |
| Extrinsic muscles | 6 muscles that attach the outside of the eyeball to the bones of the orbit |
| Extrins/o | meaning "contained outside" |
| Levator Palpebrae muscle | muscles that raise up the eyelid |
| Eyelids | upper and lower, to protect from injury, foreign matter, and excessive light |
| Blephar/o | meaning "eyelid" |
| Palpebrae, Palpebra (singular) | meaning "eyelid" |
| Palpebral | meaning "pertaining to the eyelid" |
| Canthus | the angle where the upper and lower eyelid meet |
| Canth/o | meaning "corner of the eye" |
| Tarsal Plate | platelike framework within the upper and lower eyelids |
| Tars/o | meaning "edge of the eyelid" or "ankle joint" |
| Meibomian Glands (Tarsal Glands) | sebaceous glands on the margins of each eyelid |
| Eyelashes (or Cilia) | hairlike structures on the edge of each eyelid |
| Conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid. forms a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eye when the eyelids are closed |
| Nictitating Membrane (third eyelid or nictitan or haws) | conjunctival fold attached at the medial canthus that moves across the cornea when the eyelids close. |
| Conjunctiv/o | meaning "conjunctiva" |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | structures that produce, store, and remove tears |
| Lacrimation | condition of normal tear secretion |
| Lacrim/o, Dacry/o | meaning "Tear drop, Tear duct, or Lacrimal Duct" |
| Lacrimal Canaliculi | the ducts at the medial canthus that collect tears and drain them into the lacrimal sac |
| Lacrimal Sac or Dacryocyst | the enlargement that collects tears at the upper portion of the tear duct |
| Nasolacriamal Duct | the passageway that drains tears into the nose |
| Dorsal Punctum | small spot near the upper medial canthus where the nasolacrimal duct begins |
| Ventral Punctum | the small spot near the lower medial canthus where the nasolacrimal duct begins |
| Punctum | meaning "point or small spot" |
| Eyeball | synonymous with "globe" or "orb" |
| Sclera | fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye. aka: the white of the eye |
| Scler/o | meaning " sclera, or hard" |
| Episclera | thin layer covering the outside of the Sclera |
| Cornea | provides most of the focusing power of the eye |
| Corne/o, Kerat/o | meaning "cornea" |
| Descemet's membrane | the innermost deepest layer of the cornea |
| Choroid | the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels and supplies blood to the entire eye |
| Opaque | meaning light can't pass through |
| Tapetum Lucidum (choroid tapetum) | brightly colored iridescent reflecting tissue of the choroid of most species |
| Tapetum Nigrum | the black pigmented tissue layer of the choroid |
| Tapetum | medical term for a layer of cells |
| Choroid/o | meaning "choroid" |
| Iris | the pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil. composed of muscle fibers that relax and contract, to change the size of the pupil |
| Corpora Nigra | black pigmentation at the edge of the iris in equine and ruminants |
| Ir/i, Ir/o, Irid/o, Irit/o | meaning "the iris of the eye" |
| Pupil | circular opening in the center of the iris |
| Pupill/o, Core/o | meaning "Pupil" |
| Constriction | making an opening smaller, as with the pupil and the amount of light let in |
| Miosis | pupillary constriction |
| Dilation | making an opening larger |
| Mydriasis | pupillary dilation |
| Lens | the clear, flexible, avascular, curve capsule located posterior to the iris and pupil |
| Phac/o | meaning "lens of the eye" |
| Ciliary Body | the thickened extension of the choroid that assists in accommodation or adjustment of the lens |
| Ciliary muscles | adjust the shape and thickness of the lens |
| Iridocorneal | pertaining to the iris and cornea |
| Uvea | term used to describe the iris, ciliary body, and choroid |
| Limbus | term used for the corneoscleral junction |
| Retina | the nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images and lines the posterior chamber of the eye |
| Retin/o | meaning "retina" |
| Rods | Specialized cells of the retina that react to light |
| Cones | specialized cells of the retina that react to color and fine detail |
| Optic Disk | the region of the eye where nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve |
| blind spot | other name for the optic nerve, because it doesn't contain rods and cones |
| Macula Lutea | a centrally depressed, clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina |
| Fovea Centralis | small depression the Macula Lutea surrounds, and contains the greatest concentration of cones in the retina. this is the area of sharpest vision |
| Macul/o, | meaning "spot" |
| Lute/o | meaning "yellow" |
| Fove/o | meaning "pit" |
| Fundus | part of the retina opposite the lens that includes the retina, optic disc, macula Lutea, and Fovea Centralis |
| Anterior Segment (Aqueous Chamber) | the cranial 1/3 of the eyeball, divided into anterior and posterior chambers |
| Anterior Chamber | the eye cavity located between the caudal surface of the cornea and the cranial surface of the iris |
| Posterior Chamber | the eye cavity located between the caudal surface of the iris and the cranial surface of the lens |
| Aqueous Humor | watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, anterior segment fluid that nourishes the intraocular structures |
| Aque/o | meaning "water" |
| Vitreous Chamber | caudal 2/3 of the eyeball |
| Vitreous Humor (Vitreous) | the soft, clear, jelly-like mass that fills the Vitreous chamber |
| Vitre/o | meaning "glassy" |
| Vison | occurs when light rays enter the eye through the cornea, pass through the lens, and travel to the retina |
| Accomodation | the process of the eye adjustments for seeing objects at various distances |
| Refraction | the process of the lens bending the light rays to help them focus on the retina |
| Convergence | simultaneous inward movement of both eyes |
| Acuity | sharpness of acuteness, used in reference to vision |
| Conjunctival Scrape | diagnostic test using an instrument to peel cells from the conjunctiva so that they can be viewed microscopically |
| Electroretinography | procedure of recording the electrical activity of the retina |
| Electroretinogram | the record of electrical activity of the retina. abbr. ERG |
| Fluorescein dye stain | diagnostic test to detect cornea injury by placing dye on the surface of the cornea |
| Goniometry | procedure to measure the drainage angle of the eye |
| Gon/i | meaning "angle or seed" |
| Menace response | diagnostic test to detect vision in which movement is made toward the animal to test whether it will see movement and try to close it's eyelids |
| Ophthalmoscope | instrument used for Ophthalmoscopy |
| Ophthalmoscopy (Funduscopy) | procedure used to examine the interior eye structures, may be direct or indirect |
| Palpebral reflex | diagnostic test in which the eye should blink in response to touch to the medial canthus of the eye |
| Pupillary light reflex | response of pupil to light, abbr. PLR when light is shown on pupil, it should constrict |
| Schirmer Test | diagnostic test using a graded paper strip to measure tear production |
| Slit Lamp Examiniation | visual testing of the cornea, lens, fluids and membranes of the interior of the eye using a narrow beam of light |
| Tonometry | procedure using an instrument to measure intraocular pressure indirectly. can be applanation, or pneumatic |
| Intraocular Pressure | abbr. IOP, determined by the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force |
| Schiotz Tonometer | and example of applanation tonometer |
| OD | oculus dexter, meaning right eye |
| OS | oculus sinister, meaning left eye |
| OU | oculus uterque, meaning both eyes |
| AD | Auris dexter, meaning right ear |
| AS | Auris sinister, meaning left ear |
| AU | Auris uterque, meaning both ears |
| Cycloplegics | cause paralysis of the ciliary muscle that may aid in dilation of the pupil an ease the pain on ciliary muscle spasms |
| Mydriatics | agents that dilate the pupil |
| Amblyopia | dimness or loss of sight without detectable eye disease |
| ambly/o | meaning "dim" |
| Anisocoria | condition of unequal pupil size |
| Anis/o | meaning "unequal" (an - not, iso - equal) |
| Anophthalmos | without development of one or both eyes |
| Aphakia | absence of the lens |
| Blepharitis | inflammation of the eyelid |
| Blepharoptosis | drooping of the upper eyelid |
| Blepharospasm | rapid, involuntary contractions of the eyelid |
| Blindness | inability to see |
| Buphthalmos | abnormal enlargement of the eye |
| Cataract | cloudiness or opacity of the lens |
| Chalazion | localized swelling of the eyelid resulting from the obstruction of a sebaceous gland |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Corneal Ulceration | surface depression on the cornea |
| Cyclopia | congenital anomaly characterized by a single orbit |
| dacryoadenitis | inflammation of the lacrimal gland |
| dacryocystitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac and abnormal tear drainage |
| Diplopia | double vision |
| Dipl/o | meaning "double" |
| -opia | meaning "vision" |
| Distichiasis | abnormal condition of a double row of eyelashes that usually result in conjunctival injury. |
| Ectropion | eversion, or turning outward, of the eyelid |
| Entopion | inversion, or turning inward of the eyelid |
| Epiphora | excessive tear production |
| Episcleritis | inflammation of the tissue of the cornea |
| Exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, sometimes referred to as Exophthalmosis |
| Floaters | particles suspended in the vitreous fluid that cast shadows on the retina. aka vitreous floaters |
| Glaucoma | group of disorders resulting from elevated intraocular pressure |
| Hordeolum | infection of one or more glands of the eyelid (aka. a stye) |
| Hypertropia | deviation of one eye upwards |
| Hypopyon | pus in the anterior chamber of the eye |
| Hypotropia | deviation of one eye downward |
| Iritis | inflammation of the iris |
| Keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| Keratoconjunctivitis | inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva |
| Infectious Ketatoconjunctivitis | caused by a variety of microbes and is commonly called pinkeye |
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva due to tear deficiency and can lead to persistent, mucopurulent discharge, corneal ulceration, and scarring. aka dry eye. Abbr. KCS |
| Macular degeneration | condition of central vision loss |
| Microphthalmia | abnormally small eyes, aka Microphthalmos |
| Monochromatism | lack of ability to distinguish colors aka. color blindness |
| Mono | meaning "one" |
| Chrom/o | meaning "color" |
| Nictitating Gland Prolapse | hypertrophy and protrusion of the conjunctival fold of the medial canthus. also called cherry eye, or third eyelid prolapse |
| Nuclear sclerosis | drying out of the lens with age |
| Nyctalopia | condition of inability of difficulty seeing at night aka. night blindness |
| ophthalmoplegia | paralysis of eye muscles |
| panophthalmitis | inflammation of all eye structures |
| Papilledema | swelling of the optic disc |
| Photophobia | fear or intolerance of light |
| Proptosis | displacement of the eye from the orbit |
| Retinal detachment | seperation of the nervous layer of the eye from the choroid aka detached retina |
| Retinopathy | any disorder of the retina |
| Scleral injection | dilation of blood vessels into the sclera |
| Scleritis | inflammation of the sclera |
| Strabismus | disorder in which the eye are not directed in a parallel manner; deviation of one or both eyes |
| Convergent Strabismus | deviation of the eyes toward each other aka crossed eyes, Esotopia |
| Divergent Strabismus | deviation of the eyes away from each other aka Exotropia |
| Synechia | adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure |
| Uveitis | inflammation of the Uvea |
| Blepharectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the eyelid |
| Blepharoplasty | surgical repair of the eyelid |
| Blepharorrhaphy | suturing together of the eyelids, aka tarsorrhaphy |
| Blepharotomy | incision on the eyelid, aka tarsotomy |
| Canthectomy | surgical removal of the corner of the eyelid |
| Canthoplasty | surgical repair of the corner of the eyelid |
| Canthotomy | incision into the corner of the eyelid |
| Conjunctivoplasty | surgical repair of the conjunctiva |
| Dacryocystectomy | surgical removal of the lacrimal sac |
| Dacryocystotomy | surgical incision into the lacrimal sac |
| Enucleation | removal of the eyeball |
| Extracapsular extracion | removal of a cataract that leaves the posterior lens capsule intact |
| Goniotomy | incision into the anterior chamber angle for treatment of glaucoma |
| Intracapsular Extraction | cataract removal that includes the surrounding capsule |
| Iridectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the iris |
| Keratectomy | surgical removal of part or all of the cornea |
| Keratocentesis | puncture of the cornea to allow aspiration of aqueous humor |
| Keratoplasty | surgical repair of the cornea (may include corneal transplant) |
| Keratotomy | incision into the cornea |
| Lacromotomy | incision into the lacrimal gland or duct |
| Lensectomy | surgical removal of a lens (usually performed on cataracts) |
| Tarsectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the tarsal plate of the third eyelid |
| tarsorrhaphy | suturing together of the eyelids |
| Ear | sensory organ that enables hearing and helps maintain balance |
| Audit/o, Aud/i, Ot/o | meaning "ear" |
| Acoust/o, Acous/o | meaning "hearing" |
| Auditory | pertaining to the ear |
| Acoustic | pertaining to sound |
| Pinna | external portion of the ear that catches sound waves and transmits them to the external auditory canal. aka Auricle |
| Pinn/i | meaning "external ear" |
| Aur/i, Aur/o | meaning "external ear" or just "ear" |
| External Auditory canal (external auditory meatus) | the tube that transmits sound from the pinna to the tympanic membrane. |
| Cerumen | secreted by glands that line the external auditory canal. aka ear wax |
| Tympanic Membrane | aka eardrum, tissue that separates the external ear from the middle ear. when sound waves each the tympanic membrane it transmits sounds to the ossicles |
| Tympan/o, Myring/o | meaning "eardrum" |
| Auditory Ossicles | 3 bones of the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations |
| Malleus | auditory ossicle known as the hammer |
| Incus | auditory ossicle known as the anvil |
| Stapes | auditory ossicle known as the stirrup |
| Eustachian Tube | aka auditory tube, the narrow duct that leads from the middle ear to the nasopharynx. helps equalize air pressure |
| Oval window | located at the base of the stapes, membrane that separates the middle an inner ear |
| Round window | membrane that receives sound waves through fluid after they have passed through the cubicals |
| Tympanic bulla | osseous chamber at the base of the skull |
| Bulla | meaning "large vesicle" |
| Bony Labyrinth | |
| Labrynth/o | meaning "maze, labyrinth, inner ear" |
| Perilymph | water like fluid filling the bony labyrinth |
| Endolymph | membranous labyrinth filled with a thicker fluid |
| Vestibule | located adjacent to the oval window and between the semicurcular canals and cochlea) |
| Semicircular Canals | located adjacent to the vestibule, oriented at right angles to each other (Vestibular, Tympanic, Cochlear |
| Ampulla | contain sensory cells with hairlike extensons |
| Cochlea | spiral shaped passage that lead from th oval window to the inner ear. |
| Cochle/o | meaning "snail or spiral" |
| Cochlear duct | membranous tube in the bony cochlea that is filled with endolymph |
| Organ of Corti | spiral organ of hearing located in the cochlea that receives and relays vibrations |
| air conduction | sound traveling through the air through the pinna, travel to the auditory canal, and strikes he tympanic membrane |
| Bone conduction | Ossicles form the sound ways throughout the middle ear. |
| Equilibrium | the state of balance |
| Saccule and Utricle | small hairlike sacs in the vestibule that contain macula |
| Macula | and organ consisting of hair cells covered by a gelatinous mass containing Otoliths |
| Otoliths | small stones |
| Cristae | contained in the ampulla, sensory organ |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| Otoscopy | used to examine the ears for parasites, irritation, discharge, and the integrity of the tympanic membrane |
| Aural hematoma | collection or mass of blood in the outer ear |
| deafness | complete or partial hearing loss |
| Myringitis | inflammation of the eardrum |
| Otalgia | ear pain |
| Otitis | inflammation of the ear, usually has a 2nd term that describes location |
| Otitis externa | inflammation of outer ear |
| Otitis Media | inflammation of the middle ear |
| Ottis interna | inflammation of the inner ear |
| Otomycosis | fungal infection of the ear |
| Otopathy | disease of the ear |
| Otopyorrhea | pus discharge from the ear |
| Otorrhea | ear discharge |
| Panotitis | inflammation of all ear parts |
| Vertigo | sense of dizziness |
| Ablation | removal of a part |
| Myringectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the ear drum aka tympanectomy |
| Otoplasty | surgical repair of the ear |
Created by:
dmweaver
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