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A & P Lecture
Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 types of muscle? | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Define tendon. | attach to bones by fibrous tissue |
| What is an aponeuroses? | attach to bones or muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue |
| Define what origin of a muscle means. | It is the more stable site of muscle attachment and does not move much when muscle contracts. It is usually more proximal. |
| Define what the insertion of a muscle means. | It is the part of the muscle that undergoes the most movement when a muscle contracts. It is usually the most distal end in limbs. |
| In what ways are muscles named? | By their action, shape, location. |
| In what ways are muscles identified? | By the direction of their fibers, the number of heads of the muscle or divisions and their attachment sites. |
| What is the masseter muscle responsible for? | mastication (chewing) |
| Define sarcomere. | A series of protein filaments that make up contractile units of muscle cells. |
| Where are cutaneous muscles found? | found in connective tissue just beneath skin little or no attachment to bones |
| What is the function of the brachiocephalicus? | close the jaw extend the head and neck and pull the front leg forward |
| Where is the linea alba found? | ventral midline of the abdomen |
| What kind of a muscle is the diaphragm? | inspiratory muscle |
| Muscle activity generates what? | heat |
| What are the mechanisms to eliminate excess heat? | panting or sweating |
| Spasmodic muscle contractions that increase heat production is called what? | shivering |
| In what area is cardiac muscle found? | heart only |
| Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary? | involuntary; cells not under conscious control |
| Where is visceral smooth muscle found? | stomach, intestines, uterus, urinary bladder |
| The heart is innervated from what two systems? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do to body systems? | sympathetic system decreases activity parasympathetic system increases activity |
| What is the functional unit of the nervous system? | neuron |
| The nervous system uses chemicals to carry messages by the use of what? | neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitters produced by neurons travel short distances across what area? allows system to react quickly | synapses |
| Because of the neurotransmitters traveling across the synapses the body can react quickly or slowly? | allows system to react quickly |
| What system uses chemicals to carry messages through hormones being secreted directly into the bloodstream? | endocrine |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? | CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system |
| The CNS consists of _____________________________ | brain and spinal cord |
| The PNS consists of ________________________________ | cranial and spinal nerves to link the CNS to the rest of the body |
| The central cell body of a neuron is called what? | soma |
| The tendril like processes that extend from the neuron that receive stimuli are called what? | dendrites |
| What conducts nerve impulses away from the body? | axons |
| Sensory nerves are also called what? | afferent nerves |
| Motor nerves are also called what? | efferent nerves |
| Sensory nerves conduct impulses away or toward the CNS? | towards |
| Motor nerves conduct impulses away or toward the CNS? | away |
| The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell is called what? | synapse |
| Which part of the brain is the largest? | cerebrum |
| Which is the second largest component of the brain? | cerebellum |
| The area that is the connection between spinal cord and rest of the brain is called what? | brain stem |
| What are the components of the brain stem? | medulla oblongata, the pons, and midbrain |
| What are the three layers of the meninges of the brain? | dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
| CSF stands for? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| The fluid between the layers of meninges, and in canals and cavities inside brain and spinal cord which provides cushioning is called what? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is the blood-brain barrier? | separates capillaries in the brain from nervous tissue; prevents many drugs, proteins, ions, and other molecules from readily passing from the blood into the brain |
| How are the cranial nerves numbered? | roman numerals 1-12 |
| What is the central part of the spinal cord called? | medulla |
| Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for helping the body cope in emergency situations? | sympathetic |
| Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for helping the body return to normal after a fight or flight response? | parasympathetic |
| What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system? | norepinephrine |
| A light tap on media canthus of the eye produces a blink of eyelids which is called what kind of reflex? | palpebral |
| What is the PLR (pupillary light reflex)? | normal response to shining light in the eye of an animal is for the iris in both eyes to constrict |
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