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Ch. 8 Have a Heart
Veterinary Medical Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardi/o | meaning "heart" |
| Thoracic Cavity | the cavity that holds the heart and lungs |
| Mediastinum | the cavity that holds the heart alone |
| Pericardium | double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart |
| Fibrous Pericardium | the tough inner layer of the pericardium |
| Serous Layer (pericardium) | the inner layer that is divided into 2 parts |
| Parietal Serous Layer | 1st lining of the Serous layer that faces the Fibrous Pericardium |
| Visceral Serous Layer (Epicardium) | inside lining of the Serous layer that faces the heart |
| Pericardial space | space in between the Serous layers |
| Pericardial Fluid | liquid in the pericardial space |
| Epicardium | external layer of the heart, known as the visceral layer (epi - meaning upper) |
| Myocardium | middle and thickest layer fo the heart; literally the heart muscle (my/o - meaning muscle) |
| Endocardium | inner layer of the heart, lines the chambers and valves (endo-meaning within) |
| Coronary arteries | arteries that service the heart (bring it nutrients and oxygen) called coronary because they resemble a crown |
| Coron/o | meaning "crown" |
| Coronary veins | remove waste from the myocardium |
| Coronary Occlusion | occlusion meaning blockage, Coronary occlusion would be a blockage in the blood supplied to the heart |
| Ischemia | a deficiency in the blood supply to an area, usually preceded by occlusion |
| Necrosis | tissue death, usually preceded by ischemia |
| Infarct/Infarction | a localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply |
| Atria/Atrium | craniodorsal chambers of the heart. All vessels coming to the heart enter here. |
| Atri/o | meaning "atria" |
| Interatrial septum | separates the left and right atria (septum meaning wall or partition) |
| Ventricles | caudoventral chambers of the heart |
| Ventricul/o | meaning "ventricles" |
| Interventricular septum | separates the left and right ventricles (septum meaning wall or partition) |
| Apex (Cardiac Apex) | the narrow tip of the heart |
| Valve | a membranous fold |
| Valv/o, Valvul/o | meaning "valve" |
| Right Atrioventricular valve | aka: right AV valve, Tricuspid valve: controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. has 3 points (tri=three, cusp=points) |
| Pulmonary Semilunar valve | aka: Pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, controls blood entering the lungs. valve is half moon shaped |
| Left Atrioventricular valve | aka: Left AV valve, Mitral valve, Bicuspid valve: controls the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle. has 2 points (bi=two, cusp=point) |
| Aortic Semilunar valve | aka: Aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the Aorta, controls teh blood entering the arterial system. valve is half moon shaped |
| Heartbeat | the rate and regularity of the heart rhythm |
| Cardiac output | the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time |
| Stroke volume | the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat |
| Conduction System | contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle that is synchronized accurately by electrical impulses |
| Sinoatrial node | aka: SA node: located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the Superior Vena Cava. work with Purkinje Fibers to establish the base rhythm of the heart (the pacemaker) |
| Purkinje Fibers | Atypical cardiac muscle cells. more clearly developed in the ventricles, but do exist in the atria |
| Atrial Systole Intropy | Atrial contraction that starts at the SA node. (term means "forced contraction") |
| Atrioventricular node | aka: AV node: located in the interatrial septum, 2nd point in the electrical conduction system. this contraction happens slower then in the SA node, which makes a pause, and allows blood to fill up the ventricles |
| Bundle of HIS | located in the interventricular septum, 3rd point in the electrical conduction system |
| Ventricular Purkinje Fibers | 4th point in electrical conduction, and cause the ventricles to contract. |
| Ventricular Systole | the ventricular contraction that forces blood out of the heart into the Aorta and Pulmonary arteries |
| Sinus Rhythm | called the normal heart rhythm, because it starts in the SA node |
| Arrhythmia / Dysrhythmia | when the SA node doesn't fire correctly and the other areas of the heart have to initiate a heartbeat |
| Systole | meaning contraction |
| Distole | meaning expansion |
| Palpitation | heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregualrity in rhythm |
| Fibrilation | rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions |
| Flutter | cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular |
| Brachycardia | abnormally slow heartbeat |
| Tachycardia | abnormally rapid heartbeat |
| Paroxysm | sudden convulsion or spasm |
| Normal Sinus Arrhythmia | irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration (a nonpathologic arrhythmia) |
| Asystole | without a contraction or lack of heart activity; flat line on an EKG |
| Syncope | temporary suspension of respiration and circulation |
| Gallop | low frequency vibrations during early diastole and late diastole |
| Electrocardiogram | abr. EKG, the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium. it is a tracing that shows the changes in voltage and polarity (positive and negative) over time |
| Electrocardiography | the process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium |
| Preload | the ventricular end-diastolic volume, ot the volume of the blood entering the right side of the heart |
| Afterload | the impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure |
| Leads | conductors that detect variations in electrical potential |
| Auscultation | the act of listening to body sounds and usually involves the use of a stethoscope |
| Stethoscope | an instrument used to listen (stetho-meaning chest, -scope meaning an instrument to visually examine) |
| Heart murmur | an abnormal sounds associated with the turbulent flow of blood described as systolic (swoosh between the first and 2nd heart sound) of Diastolic (swoosh between the second and first heart sound again.) |
| Insufficiency | the inability of the heart to perform at the proper level |
| Holosystolic/Pansystolic | a heart murmur that occurs during the entire ventricle contraction |
| Stenosis | narrowing of a valve that impedes delivery of blood |
| Crescendo murmurs | abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase in loudness |
| Decrescendo murmurs | abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that decrease in loudness over time. |
| PMI | Point of Maximal Intensity, where a murmur is heard the loudest and is usually located at the auscultation site of the defective valve. |
| Thrill | murmurs resulting in vibrations felt on palpation of the chest |
| Blood vessels | 3 types: arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Angi/o, Vas/o | meaning vessel |
| Lumen | the opening in a vessel through which fluid flows |
| Constriction | narrowing of the vessel diameter |
| Dilation | widening of the vessel diameter |
| Vasoconstrictors | things that narrow a vessel's diameter |
| Vasodialators | things that widen a vessel's diameter |
| Hilus | the depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ |
| Arteries | a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Arteri/o | meaning "artery" |
| Aorta | the main trunk of the arterial system that begins from the left ventricle of the heart. it arches dorsally then progresses caudally |
| Aort/o | meaning "aorta" |
| Celiac Artery | supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen |
| Celi/o | meaning "belly" |
| Renal Arteries | supplies blood to the kidneys |
| Ovarian (or Testicular) Arteries | supply blood to the Ovaries (or Testes) |
| Subclavian Arteries | located under the collar bone, supplying blood to the front limbs |
| Arterioles | smaller branches of arteries (arter/i=vessel, -ole=small) that carry blood to the capillaries |
| Capillaries | single cell thick vessels that connect that arterial and venous systems. blood flow is slower here because the vessels are so small |
| Perfusion | blood flowing through tissues, with an indicator being Capillary Refill Time |
| Capillary Refill Time | aka: CRT, the time it takes for the pink color to return after pressure is applied to a mucous membrane |
| Venules | tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins |
| Veins | blood vessels that form a low pressure collecting system that returns blood back to the heart. they have thinner walls and are less elastic than arteries |
| Ven/o, Phleb/o | meaning "vein" |
| Jugular vein | moves blood from the head and neck area |
| Femoral veins | moves blood from the legs |
| Renal veins | moves blood from teh kidneys |
| Azygous vein | a single vein that moves blood from the chest wall and and adjacent structures (a-=without, zygon=yolk or pair) this vein is named based on the fact that it is not paired in the body |
| Blood pressure | the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls, it is determined by the energy produced by the heart, the elasticity fo the arterial walls, and the volume and viscosity of the blood |
| Viscosity | resistance to flow, pertaining to blood flow |
| Pulse | the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure |
| Sphygmomanometer | measures the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels Sphygm/o=pulse, man/o=pressure, -meter=device |
| Systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest toward the end of the stroke output of the left ventricle |
| Diastolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricle dilation. |
| Tensi/o | meaning "pressure" |
| Hypertension | high blood pressure (hyper=excessive, tensi/o=pressure) |
| Hypotension | low blood pressure (hypo=low, deficient, less than normal; tensi/o=pressure) |
| Antihypertensives | drugs that lower high blood pressure |
| Angiocardiography | radiographic study fo the blood vessels and heart using contrast material. |
| Angiocardiogram | a film resulting from a angiocardiography |
| Angiography | radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material |
| Angiogram | the film produced from angiography procedure |
| Cardiac catheterization | radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow |
| Echocardiography | precess of evaluating the heart structures using sound waves |
| Ech/o | meaning "sound" |
| Doppler echocardiography | uses the difference in frequency between sound waves and their echoes to measure the velocity on a moving object |
| Electrocardiography | process of recording the electrical activity of the heart |
| Electrocardiogram | the record of the electrical activity of the heart |
| Electrocardiograph | the machine that records the electrical activity of the heart |
| Holter Monitor | 24 hr. EKG that records the heart rates, and rhythms onto a specialized recorder |
| Radiography | procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to x-rays |
| Radiograph (X-ray) | the film resulting from the radiography |
| Tourniquet | constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood |
| Aneurysm | localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery |
| Angiopathy | disease of vessels |
| Aortic insufficiency | inability fo the aortic valve to perform at the proper levels, which results in blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening and narrowing of the arteries, could be caused by plaque |
| Plaque | a hard or raised area on a surface (ather/o=palque) |
| Atrial Septal Defect | opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that may allow blood to flow from the high pressure right atrium to the low pressure left atrium |
| Cardiac tamponade | compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac |
| Cardiomegaly | enlarged heart, or portion of the heart |
| Cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscle, this disease has multiple classifications |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | excessive growth of the left ventricle |
| Dilated (Congestive) cardiomyopathy | characterized by a thin walled left ventricle |
| Carditis | inflammation of the heart |
| Congestive Heart Failure | syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs; abr. CHF. CHF is a precursor to congestion, edema, ascites, and pleural effusion |
| Congestion | accumulation of fluid |
| Edema | Accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces |
| Ascites | fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity seen in dogs secondary to CHF |
| Pleural effusion | abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membrane encasing teh lungs and is seen in cats |
| Diuretics | substances that increase urine production |
| Cor Pulmonale | alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension (cor=heart, pulmon/o=lung) |
| Dirofilariosis | Heartworm infection; which can be found in dogs, cats, and ferrets. heartworms mature and breed in larger blood vessels, can and will obstruct blood flow |
| Microfilariae | tiny larvae of heartworms |
| Caval Syndrome | obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestation |
| Prophylactic | a preventative medication usually used to prevent heartworms |
| prophylaxis | meaning prevention |
| Adulticide | substance that kills mature heartworms |
| microfilaricide | substance that kills the larvae of heartworms |
| Embolus | foreign object (ex. a clot, air, tissue) that is circulating in blood |
| Embolism | a blockage of a vessel by a foreign object |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves |
| Heart block | interference with the central conduction of the heart, may be partial or complete and is graded in degrees based on the characteristics of teh block |
| Hemangioma | benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels |
| Hematoma | collection of blood |
| Hypercapnia | above normal levels of carbon dioxide, resulting in reduced levels of oxygen |
| Hypoxia | A lower-than-normal concentration of oxygen in arterial blood |
| Cyanosis | skin that has a blue-ish tinge because of lack of oxygen in the blood |
| Hypocapnia | below normal levels of carbon diaoxide |
| Infarct | localized area of necrosis caused by in interrupted blood supply |
| Ischemia | deficiency in blood supply |
| Mitral Stenosis | narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve |
| Mitral Valve insufficiency | inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at the proper level |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | abnormal protrusion of the left atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve |
| Myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium |
| Occlusion | blockage in a vessel or passageway in the body |
| Patent Ductus Arteriousus | persistence of the fetal communication between the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth. abr. PDA |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| Pulmonic Stenosis | narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle |
| Regurgitation | backflow, used to describe backflow of blood caused by imperfect closure of heart valves |
| shock | inadequate tissue perfusion, there are multiple types of shock |
| Resuscitation | restoration of life including fluid administration, cardiac massage, artificial respiration |
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | abr. CPR addresses only the cardiac and respiratory systems |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that classically has four anatomical defects in the heart; pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Thromboembolism | blocking of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation |
| thrombus | blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery |
| Thrombosis | an abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel |
| Anticoagulants | a substance that prevents blood clots |
| Vasculitis | inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel |
| Ventricular Septal defect | opening in the wall dividing right and left ventricles that may allow blood to shunt from right to left without becoming oxygenated. abr. VSD |
| shunt | to bypass or divert |
| Angioplasty | surgical repair of blood or lymph vessels |
| Transluminal angioplasty | the repair surgery is done through the opening of a vessel |
| Percutaneous angioplasty | the repair surgery is done through the skin |
| Angiorrhaphy | suture of a vessel |
| Arteriectomy | surgical removal of part of a blood vessel that carries blood away from teh heart |
| Arteriotomy | incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| central venous pressure | tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava abr. CVP monitored by catheterization of the cranial vena cava via the jugular vein. |
| Defibrilation | use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart beat |
| Hemostasis | control or stopping bleeding |
| Stent | Small expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing |
| Transfusion | introduction of whole blood or blood components into the blood stream of teh recipient |
| Valvotomy | surgical incision into a valve or membranous flap |
| Congenital | present at birth |
| hereditary | genetically transmitted from parent to offspring |
| anomaly | deviation from the normal |
| idiopathic | of unknown cause |
| iatrogenic | produced by a treatment |
| AF | atrial fibrillation |
| ASD | atrial septal defect |
| AV | atrioventricular |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| CRT | capillary refill time |
Created by:
dmweaver
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