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Ch. 6 Gut Instincts
Veterinary Medical Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aliment/o | meaning nourishment (combining term for digestive tract) |
| Oral cavity | contains the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium |
| Alimentary, Gastrointestinal, GI System | Digestive system comprised of long muscular tubes that start at the mouth and end at the anus. |
| Or/o, Stomat/o | meaning "mouth" |
| Gnath/o | meaning "jaw" |
| Prognathia | elongated mandible |
| Brachygnathia | shortened mandible |
| Labia, Labium (singular) | medical term for "lips" |
| Cheil/o, Labi/o | meaning "lips" |
| Buccal | pertaining to, or directed towards the cheek of the mouth |
| Bucc/o | meaning "cheek" |
| Palate | roof of the mouth |
| Hard Palate | forms the bony rostral portion of the palate with special mucus membranes |
| Rugae | specialized mucus membranes that contain irregular folds |
| Rug/o | meaning "wrinkle or fold" |
| Soft Palate | forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate |
| Palat/o | meaning "Palate" |
| Tongue | the movable muscle in the mouth that is used for tasting, and processing food. |
| Papillae | elevations on the dorsum of the tongue |
| Frenulum | the connective tissue that connects the tongue to the ventral surface of the mouth |
| Gloss/o, Lingu/o | meaning "tongue" |
| Dent/o, Dent/i, Odont/o | meaning "teeth" |
| Dentition | refers to the teeth as a whole |
| Deciduous Dentition (milk teeth) | temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity |
| Decidu/o | meaning "shedding" |
| Permanent Dentition | the set of teeth designed to last the lifespan of the animal |
| Mixed Dentition | the period when both Deciduious and Permanent Teeth are present in the same mouth |
| Retained Deciduous Tooth | a tooth that has not been shed, and may need to be removed professionally |
| Incisor | front tooth used for cutting |
| Canine (needle teeth) | long, bonelike tooth located between the incisors and Premolars. (also called fang and cuspid) |
| Premolar (cheek teeth) | cheek tooth found between canine and molar teeth |
| Molar (cheek teeth) | most caudally located permanent tooth |
| Dental Formula | representation of the type of tooth and the number of each |
| Selenodont | animals that have crescents on their grinding surfaces (ruminants) |
| Lophodont | animals with teeth that have ridged occlusal surfaces (equine) |
| Bunodont | animals with teeth that have worn, rounded surfaces (swine) |
| Hypsodont | animals with continuosly erupting teeth (chek teeth of ruminants) |
| Pleurodont | animals with teeth attached by one side on the inner jaw (lizards) |
| Brachydont | animals with permanently rooted teeth |
| Enamel | hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth |
| Cementum | the bone like connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| Dentin | the connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp |
| Pulp | consists of nerves, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue |
| Apical Foramen | the hole at the tip of the root where nerve and blood vessels enter the tooth |
| Periodontia | structures that support the teeth |
| Alveoli | sockets or sac-like dilations that the teeth are situated in. |
| Alveolar Bone | a thin layer of compact bone that forms the tooth socket |
| Periodontal Ligament | fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus |
| Gingiva | mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the mouth lining |
| Gingiv/o | meaning "gums" |
| Gingival Sulcus | the space that surrounds the tooth, located between the tooth and the gingival margin |
| Salivary Glands | a group of cells located in the oral cavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes |
| Saliva | moistens food, begins digestive process by aiding in bolus formation and some digestive enzyme activity, also cleans the mouth |
| Manibular Salivary Gland | found near the mandible |
| Sublingual Salivary Gland | found under the tongue |
| Zygomatic Salivary Gland | found medial to the zygomatic arch |
| Parotid Salivary Gland | found near the ear |
| Sialaden/o, Sial/o | meaning "salivary gland" |
| Endodontics | branch of dentistry that involves treatment of diseases that affect tooth pulp |
| Exodontics | branch of dentistry that involves extraction of teeth and related processes |
| Oral Surgery | branch of surgery that involved correction of the jaw, gums, and inside of the mouth |
| Orthodontics | branch of dentistry that involves the guidance and correction of Malocclusion |
| Periodontics | the branch of dentistry that studies and treats diseases of tooth supporting structures |
| Pharynx (Throat) | the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems |
| Pharyng/o | meaning "pharynx" |
| Mastication | chewing |
| Ingesta | the material that is taken in orally |
| Hypersalivation (Ptyalism/Hypersialosis) | excessive production of saliva |
| sial/o, ptyal/o | meaning "sailva" |
| Deglutition | swallowing |
| Phag/o | meaning "eating or ingesting" |
| Esophagus | a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach, located dorsal to the trachea |
| Esophag/o | meaning "esophagus" |
| Sphincter | a ring like muscle that constricts an opening |
| Abdomen | cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvis |
| Abdomin/o, Celi/o, Lapar/ois | meaning "abdomen or flank" |
| Peritoneum | the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities and some organs in that area |
| Parietal Peritoneum | the layer that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Visceral Peritoneum | covers the abdominal organs |
| Lesser Omentum | a fold of peritoneum that the stomach is connected to |
| Greater Omentum | a fold of peritoneum on the dorsal abdominal wall that connects to the stomach |
| Gastr/o | meaning "stomach" |
| Monogastric | animals with one true glandular stomach |
| Ruminant | has 3 forestomachs that are actually out pouchings of the esophagus |
| Glandular Stomach | the one that produces secretions for digestion |
| Cardia | entrance area of stomach, located nearest to the esophagus |
| Fundus | base of an organ, which is the cranial, rounded part |
| Body (Corpus) | the main portion of an organ, which is the ounded base or bottom |
| Antrum | caudal part of the stomach which is the constricted part that joins with the pylorus |
| Pylorus | narrow passage between the stomach and duodenum |
| Pylor/o | meaning "gatekeeper" |
| Pyloric Sphincter | muscle ring that constricts the flow of matieral |
| Regurgitate | passive action of ingesta moving from the stomach or esophagus back to the mouth |
| Remasticate | to chew again |
| Intestinal Flora | normal microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract |
| Rumen (Paunch) | largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as fermentation vat |
| Reticulum (Honeycomb) | most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach |
| Omasum | third compartment of ruminant stomach, has short papillae that grind food |
| Abmasum | fourth compartment of ruminant stomach, also called true stomach |
| Mesentery | a fold of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal wall and the small intestine |
| Gastroenterology | the study of the stomach and small intestine |
| Enter/o | meaning "small intestine" |
| Duodenum | proximal or 1st portion of small intestine |
| Duoden/i, Duoden/o | meaning "duodenum" |
| Jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine |
| Jejun/o | meaning "jejunum" |
| Ileum | distal, most aboral, or last portion of the small intestine |
| Ile/o | meaning "ileum" |
| Cecum | 1st section of the large intestine |
| Cec/o | meaning "cecum" |
| Colon | middle portion of the large intestine, has ascending, transverse, and descending portions |
| Col/o | meaning "colon" |
| Haustra | the cecum and colon of pigs and horses are sacculated |
| Rectum | Caudal portion of the large intestine |
| Rect/o | meaning "rectum" |
| Anus | controlled by to sphincter muscles that tighten and relax to allow or control defecation |
| An/o | meaning "anus" |
| Anorectal | pertaining to the anus and rectum |
| Proct/o | meaning "anus and rectum" |
| Anal Sacs | sacs lined with microscopic anal glands that secrete foul smelling fluid |
| Flexures | bends of curves in the large intestine |
| Pelvic Flexures | a bend in the colon near the pelvis |
| Diaphragmatic Flexure | a bend in the colon near the diaphragm |
| Liver | located caudal to the diaphragm |
| Hepat/o | meaning "liver" |
| Glucose | material that the liver filters out |
| Hypoglycemia | a condition when the blood sugar is low |
| Hepatocytes | liver cells |
| Sinusoids | meaning "channels" |
| Bile | Liver produces this to aid in digestion |
| Biliary | meaning "bile" |
| Emulsification | fat digestion |
| Bilirubin | a pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin that is released in teh liver |
| Cyst/o | meaning "sac, cyst, urinary bladder" |
| Gallbladder | sac that is embedded in the liver that stores bile |
| Chol/e | meaning "bile, or gall" |
| Doch/o | meaning "receptical" |
| Cholecystic | meaning "gallbaldder" |
| Choledochus | meaning "common bile duct" |
| Pancreas | elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum |
| Pancreat/o | meaning "pancreas" |
| Trypsin | an enzyme that digests protein |
| Lipase | and enzyme that digests fat |
| Amylase | and enzyme that digests carbohydrates |
| Digestion | process of breaking down food into nutrients that the body can use |
| Enzymes | substances that chemically change another substance |
| Metabolism | the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| Meta-, | meaning "beyond" |
| Anabolism | the building of body cells and substances |
| Catabolism | the breaking down of body cells |
| Absorption | the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system |
| Nutient | a substance needed by our bodies to sustain life |
| Villi, Villus | hairlike projections in the small intestine that |
| Vill/i | meaning "tuft of hair" |
| Prehension | the act of collecting food in your mouth |
| Mastication | chewing, or breaking the food down with saliva |
| Deglutition | moves the ingests into the pharynx and esophagus |
| Peristalsis | the series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscle |
| -stalsis | meaning "contraction" |
| Chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach |
| Ballottement | diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall |
| Barium | contract material used for radiographic studies |
| Enema | introduction of fluid into the rectum |
| Biopsy | removal of tissue to examine |
| Blood test | determination of blood perameters used to detect some diseases |
| Colonoscopy | endoscope procedure of the inner surface of the colon |
| Esophagoscopy | examination of the esophagus with an endoscope |
| Fecal examinations | used to determine whether or not an animal has parasites |
| Gastroscopy | endoscope exam of the inner surface of the stomach |
| Hemoccult | text for hidden blood in the stool |
| -occult | meaning "hidden" |
| Radiography | general imaging of internal stuctures |
| Ultrasound | imaging of internal body structures by recording sound waves |
| Achalasia | inability to relax smooth muscle of the GI tract |
| Adontia | absence of teeth |
| Aerophagia | swallowing of air |
| Anal Sacculitis | inflammation of the anal sacs |
| Inspissation | process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation and is used to describe the anal sac fluid in animals with Anal Sacculitis |
| Anorexia | lack or loss of appetite |
| Ascariasis | parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Atresia | occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ |
| Bloat | accumulation of gas in the digestive tract |
| Ruminal Tympany | accumulation of gas in the rumen in ruminants |
| Borborygmus | gas movement in the GI tract that produces a rumbling noise |
| Bruxism | involuntary grinding of the teeth |
| Cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition, used when describing cancer patients |
| Cirrhosis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Cirrh/o | meaning "tawny, yellow orange" |
| Colic | severe abdominal pain (common in horses) |
| Colitis | inflammation of the colon |
| Constipation | condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard, dry, and difficult to pass |
| Coprophagia | ingestion of fecal matter |
| Copr/o | meaning "feces" |
| Coprophagic Therapy | feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from a healthy animal to an ill animal. used in some animal species like guinea pigs and rabbits to treat GI disease |
| Cribbing | vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied, and air is inhaled |
| Dehydration | condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid |
| Dental Calculus (Tartar) | abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth |
| Dental Caries | decay and decalcification of teeth, producing a hole |
| Diarrhea | abnormal frequency and liquidity of fecal matter |
| Displaced Abomasum | disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach compartment becomes trapped under the rumen |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation of a pouch of pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ |
| Dyschezia | difficulty defecating |
| Dysentery | number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing or eating |
| Emaciation | marked wasting or excessive leanness |
| Emesis (vomit) | forcible expulsion of stomach contents through mouth |
| Per Os (PO | to give something orally |
| Non Per Os (NPO) | to give nothing orally |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| Enterocolitis | inflammation fo teh small and large intestine |
| Epulis | benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes |
| Eructation | belching or raising gas orally from the stomach |
| Esophageal Reflux | return of stomach contents into esophagus (also called GERD) |
| Eviscerate | remove or expose internal organs |
| Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes |
| Fecalith / Coprolith | stone like fecal mass |
| Flatulence | excessive gas formation in the GI Tract |
| Gastric Dilatation | condition usually seen in deep chested canines in which the stomach fills with air and expands |
| Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) | condition usually seen in deep chested canines in which the stomach fills with air, expands, then twists on itself |
| Gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| Gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine |
| Gingival Hyperplasia | overgrowth of the gingiva characterized by firm, nonpainful swellings |
| Gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| Glossitis | inflammation of the tongue |
| Hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| Hematochezia | passage of a bloody stool |
| Hemoperitoneum | blood in the peritoneum |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| Hepatoma | Tumor of the liver |
| Hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the liver |
| Hiatal Hernia | protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
| Hydrops | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of body cavity |
| Hyperglycemia | elevated blood sugar levels |
| Hypoglycemia | Lowered blood sugar levels |
| Ileitis | inflammation fo the ileum |
| Ileus | stoppage of intestinal peristalsis |
| Impaction | obstruction of an area |
| Inappetence | lack of desire to eat |
| Incontinence | inability to control, (fecal incontinence = unable to control bowel movements) |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | a group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders that are characterized microscopically by the inflammation fo inflammatory cells into the lining on the digestive tract |
| Inguinal Hernia | protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal (seen in groin area) |
| Intussusception | telescoping of one part of the intestine into another adjacent part |
| Jaundice (Icterus) | yellow dis colorization of the skin and mucous membranes |
| Lethargy | condition of drowsiness or indifference |
| Malabsorption | impaired uptake of nutrients from intestine |
| Malnutrition | lack of proper food or nutrients |
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | a liquid with all the nutrients an animal needs |
| Malocclusion | abnormal contact between the teeth |
| Megacolon | abnormally large colon |
| Megaesophagus | abnormally large esophagus |
| Melena | black, tarry stool containing digested blood |
| Nausea | stomach upset or sensation or urge to vomit |
| Obstruction | complete stopage or impairment to passage |
| Oronasal Fistula | abnormal opening between the nasal and oral cavity |
| Palatoschisis | congenital fissure of the roof of the mouth that may involve the upper lip, hard palate, soft palate |
| Perforating ulcer | erosion though the entire thickness of a surface |
| Periapical Abscess | inflammation of tissue and collection of pus surrounding the apical portion of a tooth root due to pulpal disease |
| Peridontitis | inflammation of the tissue surrouding and supporting the teeth |
| Pica | eating and licking abnormal substances or a depraved appetite |
| Plaque | small, differentiated area on a body surface |
| Polydipsia (PD) | excessive thirst or drinking |
| Polyp | small growth on a mucous membrane |
| Polyphagia | excessive eating or swallowing |
| Prolapse | protrusion of viscera (rectal prolapse=protrusion of the rectum through the anus) |
| Quidding | condition in which food is taken into the mouth and chewed, but falls out |
| Regurgitation | return of swallowed food into the oral cavity, a passive event |
| Salivary Mucocele | collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland |
| Scours | diarrhea in livestock |
| Shunt | to bypass or divert |
| Stenosis | narrowing of an opening |
| Stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth |
| Tenesmus | painful, ineffective defecation |
| Torsion | axial twist, tist around the long axis of gut |
| Trichobezoar | hairball |
| Ulcer | erosion of tissue |
| Volvulus | twisting in on itself |
| Abdominocentesis | surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove fluid |
| Abomasopexy | surgical fixation of the abomasum to the abdomen wall |
| Anastomosis | surgical connection between two tubular or hollow structures |
| Anoplasty | surgical repair of the anus |
| Antidiarrheal | substance that prevents diarrhea |
| Bolus | rounded mass of food or large pharmaceutical preparation or to give something rapidly |
| Cholecystectomy | removal of the gallbladder |
| Colectomy | removal of the colon |
| Colostomy | adding a surgical hole between the colon and outsdie the body |
| Colotomy | surgical incision into the colon |
| Crown | restoration of teeth |
| Drench | to give medication in liquid form by mouth and forcing animal to drink |
| Emetic | producing vomit |
| Enterostomy | surgical artificial opening between the small intesting and outside wall |
| Esophagoplasy | surgical repair of the esophagus |
| Extraction | removal |
| Fistula | abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface |
| Float | instrument used to file or rasp on an equine's premolar teeth |
| Gastrectomy | surgical removal of the stomach, or just some of it |
| Gastroduodenostomy | removal of all out part of the stomach and duodenum |
| Gastropexy | surgical fixation of teh stomach to the abdominal wall |
| Gastostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening |
| Gastrotomy | surgical incision into the stomach |
| Gavage | force feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into the stomach |
| Gingivectomy | surgical removal of gum tissue |
| Hepatotomy | surgical incision into the liver |
| Ileectomy | surgical removal of the ileum |
| Ileostomy | artificial opening between the ileum and abdominal wall |
| Lapraotomy | incision into the abdomen |
| Nasogastric Intubation | placement of a tube through the nose in to the stomach |
| Orogastric Intubation | Passage of a tube from the mouth to the stomach |
| Palatoplasty | surgical repair of a cleft plate |
| Transfaunation | transferring microbes from one animal to another |
| Trocarization | insertion of a pointed instrument into a body cavity or an organ |
| BE | Barium Enema |
| BM | bowel movement |
| C | canine (tooth) |
| DA | displaced abomasum |
| EPI | exocrine pancreatic insufficiency |
| GDV | gastric dilatation volvulus |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| I | incisor (tooth) |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
| LDA | left displaced abomasum |
| M | molar (tooth) |
| NG | nasogastric |
| NPO | nothing by mouth (no per os) |
| P | premolar (tooth) |
| PD | polydipsia |
| PO | orally (per os) |
| RDA | right displaced abomasum |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition |
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