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Byzantines & Islam
(Willis) The Byzantine Empire & Islam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bedouins | Arab nomads who were organized into tribes and groups called clans. |
| Allah | Arabic for God. |
| Muhammad | A merchant who became convinced that he was the last of the prophets. |
| Islam | “submission to the will of Allah” |
| Muslim | “one who has submitted.” |
| Hijrah | Muhammad's migration to the town of Yathrib. |
| Umma | The Muslim religious community. |
| Mosque | An Islamic house of worship. |
| Hajj | The pilgrimage to Mecca. |
| The Five Pillars of Islam | Faith, Prayer,Alms, Fasting, & Pilgrimage. |
| Qur’an | The holy book of the Muslims. |
| Sunna | Muhammad’s example |
| Shari’a | This system of law regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims. |
| caliph | “successor” |
| caliphate | The rule of the “rightly guided” caliphs. |
| Jihad | Word that means “striving” and can refer to the inner struggle against evil. It is also used in the Qur’an to mean an armed struggle against unbelievers. |
| Abu-Bakr | Muhammad's successor. |
| Poll Tax | Muslims allowed conquered peoples to follow their own religion as long as they paid this tax. |
| Umayyads | The ruling family that moved the Muslim capital to Damascus. |
| Shi’ites | They believed the caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad. |
| Shi’a | The “party” of Ali. |
| Sunni | Followers of Muhammad’s example. |
| Sufi | They pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. |
| Abbasids | The most powerful of the rebel groups to overthrow the Umayyads. |
| al-Andalus | Southern Spain, where the remaining Umayyads set up their kingdom. |
| Fatimid Caliphate | State formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima. |
| sakk | “check.” |
| Baghdad | The Abbasid capital city |
| House of Wisdom | A combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad. |
| The Thousand and One Nights | A collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends. |
| Calligraphy | The art of beautiful handwriting |
| Al-Razi | He wrote an encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book that drew on knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian sources as well as on his own experience. |
| Al-Khwarizmi | He wrote a textbook in the AD 800s explaining “the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity.” He called this technique al-jabr—today called algebra. |
| Ibn Rushd | Philosopher who argued that Greek philosophy and Islam both had the same goal: to find the truth. |
| Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) | A brilliant mathematician, produced a book called Optics that revolutionized ideas about vision. His studies about optics were used in developing lenses for telescopes and microscopes. |
| Moses Ben Maimon (Maimonides) | The greatest Jewish philosopher in history, he produced a book, "The Guide for the Perplexed", that blended philosophy, religion, and science. |
| Justinian | The Byzantine emperor wanted to reunite the Roman Empire |
| Plague | A disease that spreads quickly |
| Inflation | Rapidly increasing prices |
| Barter | To exchange goods without using money |
| Constantinople | Emperor Constantine moved his capital from Rome to here, which is now called Istanbul. |
| Constantine | The first Christian Emperor of Rome |
| Theodora | Byzantine Empress who helped women to gain more rights. |
| Trade | The Byzantine Empire was a Crossroads for _________. |
| Byzantine writers copied the works of Ancient ________ writers? | Greek |
| When _________ took power in AD 284 he introduced reforms and political change to make things better. | Diocletian |
| Western Rome Declined because of _______, ______ & ______. | Poor Leadership, Constant Invasion, Uncontrolled Immigration |
| Rome faced constant invasion and uncontrolled immigration from _________. | Germans |
| __________ introduced major reforms to the Roman Empire, but they all failed. | Diocletian |
| ___________ moved the capital of Rome to Constantinople. | Constantine |
| __________ divided the Roman Empire into two separate Empires, East and West. | Theodosius |
| The ______ & ______ were barbarian hordes that sacked Rome. | Visigoths, Vandals |
| The Western Empire fell when _________ forced the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus to dissolve the Empire. | Odoacer |
| _______ is important because it was a crossroads of trade and a source of wealth & innovation. | Constantinople |
| ________ improved women’s rights in the Byzantine Empire. | Theodora |
| _________ was the Roman General who reconquered Western Rome for Justinian. | Belisarius |
| _________ is best known for reconquering most of the Western Roman Empire, revising Roman Laws, & building the Hagia Sophia. | Justinian |
| ______is the church Justinian is best known for having had built. | Hagia Sophia |
| Emperor Leo III made the use of icons illegal in what became known as_____. | The Iconoclast Controversy |
| The ______ Church split after the Pope and the Byzantine Patriarch Excommunicated each other. | Christian |
| The official split in the Christian church that created the Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Church was called the _____. | Great Schism |
| The Byzantine Empire fell in ______, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. | 1453 |
| ______ was the founder of Islam. | Muhammad |
| _____ initially spread by force. | Islam |
| The ________ are the main teachings of Islam | Five Pillars |
| _______ is “Struggle in God’s Service” | Jihad |
| ______is law created by Muslim Scholars over the centuries. | Sharia Law |
| ______ was Muhammad’s successor. | Abu Bakr |
| ______split because not all muslims believed Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s successor. | Islam |
| Islam split into two groups, the ______ & the _____. | Sunnis & Shiites |
| The _______ created an empire after the death of Ali. | Ummayads |
| _________ was the first major Female Historian. | Anna Comnena |
| The Byzantine empire was weakened by ____________ & __________. | Plague, Invasions |
| ______ is the holy text of Islam. | Quran |
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chadmw
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