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Enzymes

Food Analysis Final Exam

What is the equation for an enzyme reaction? E + S --> <-- ES --> E + P
Name three functions of enzymes in foods. Used to measure specific compounds, processing aid, sample preparation for other assays, indicator of quality/adequacy of processing
Why are enzymes kinetics important? Can be used to control rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Define initial velocity. The slope of the curve during the steady-state period in an enzyme reaction.
Define maximum velocity. The velocity of the reaction at very large substrate concentration.
Define the Michaelis constant. The substrate concentration at half maximum velocity; indicates bind affinity of enzyme.
What is the Michaelis-Menten equation. v0=vm[S]/Km+[S]
T or F: Km is affected by the concentration of the enzyme. False
Name three factors which affect both the Michaelis constant and maximum velocity. Nature of enzyme/substrate, pH, temperature, inhibitors.
When [S] << Km, the rate of the reaction is ____ order with respect to [S]. first
[S] << Km is used to measure _____. substrates
When [S] >> Km, the rate of the reaction is ____ order with respect to [S] and _____ order with respect to [E]. zero, first
[S] >> Km is used to measure ______. enzyme activity
The slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot is equal to what? slope = Km/Vm
Name three effects of pH on reaction rate. Enzyme stability, substrate to product conversion, ionization of the substrate.
Name two enzyme activators. prosthetic groups, coenzymes
Define prosthetic groups. Nonprotein portions of an enzyme, nearly irreversibly associated with enzyme; essential part of active site.
Define coenzyme. Dissociable nonprotein parts
What are the three types of reversible inhibitors? Competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive
Describe competitive inhibitors. Inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.
Describe noncompetitive inhibitors. Inhibitor binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not there is a substrate attached to it.
Describe uncompetitive inhibitors. Inhibitor binds to the enzyme only when substrate is already bound.
T or F: The dissociation constant for an irreversible inhibitor is very large. False
Name four methods which can be used to measure an enzyme reaction. Absorbance spectrometry, titration, viscosity, isotope measurement, fluorimetry, manometric methods.
In a coupled enzyme reaction, the ____ enzyme must not be rate limiting. Enzyme ___ must be greater than enzyme ____. 2, 2, 1
_____ determination can be used in a coupled enzyme reaction to determine metabolites. Ethanol
Ethanol determination of a couple enzyme reaction involves which two enzymes? alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase
What two methods can be used to measure the amount of substrate in an enzyme reaction? [S] << Km, endpoint method
What method can be used to measure the amount of enzyme in an enzyme reaction? [S] >> Km - near vm
A _____ has a biological sensing element (enzyme) coupled to a _____ (optical, electrochemical). biosensor, transducer
Alkaline phosphatase or rennet can be used to measure quality of _____ products. dairy
alpha-amylase can be used to measure quality of _____ products. cereal
Pectin methylesterase can be used to measure quality of _____ products. juice
Peroxidase can be used to measure quality of _____ products. vegetable
Created by: goberoi
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