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Nutrition ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is nutrition | something ESSENTIAL that a plant or animal obtains from the environment used for growth and living. |
| what are essential nutrients | they must be supplies in the diet because the body can not synthesize them naturally |
| what are non-essential nutrients | don't need to be supplied because the body naturally synthesizes them. |
| what are the 3 nutrient classification | macronutrient, micronutrients, WATER |
| how much of an animals body is made up of water | 50-70% |
| what is dehydration | a decrease in the amount of water present in the body |
| how much water can one lose before dying | 10% |
| how much water does dry food have | 10% |
| how much water does canned food have | 75% |
| what is metabolic water | water produced during oxidation of the energy containing nutrients (macronutrients) |
| what are the functions of water | 1) facilitate cellular respiration 2) transport medium for nutrients 3) temp. regulation 4) provides shape and structure to organs 5) aids in digestion 6) elimination of waste |
| what are the 3 everyday losses of water | urination, defecation, respiration |
| what are the 2 abnormal losses | diarrhea, vomiting |
| what are the 3 macronutrients | proteins, carbs, fats |
| how many amino acids make up protein | 22 |
| what 2 groups make up an amino acid | one side is a nitrogen group and the other is a carboxyl group connected by a R group (which is just a variant) |
| what is the byproduct (waste) when two amino acids join together | water |
| how many essential amino acids are there | 11 |
| which amino acid is only for cats | taurine |
| what are the functions of taurine | bile acid conjunction, retinal formation, normal function of the myocardium |
| What are the 3 taurine decencies | feline central retinal degeneration ( leads to blindness) dilated cardiomyopathy (leads to cardiac failure) fetal development is preganant Queens ( fewer live births, small kittens) |
| which animal is an obligated carnivore | cats b/c they need 2x as much protein as dogs and don't metabolize carbs well |
| what are proteins used for | |
| is more protein is better | NO it is quality over quantity |
| when does an animal require higher amounts of proteins | 1) young and growing 2) high active levels 3) pregnant/lactating 4) when sick to repair and disease |
| do high protein diets taste good | NO |
| how much crude protein should be in a dogs diet | less than 40% |
| how much crude protein should be in a cats diet | less than 50% |
| is excess protein stored | NO |
| what are symptoms of protein deficiencies | emaciation, death, vomiting, loss of vision, anemia, hair and muscle loss, immune deficiency |
| what happens when there is a excess protein | kidney failure and liver disease from being overworked and damaged |
| fats are also called what | LIPIDS |
| what is the function of fat | 1) provide and store energy 2) makes up the cell membrane 3) acts as signaling agents and hormones 4) NOT water soluble 5) contains 2x more energy that carbs and proteins |
| what are lipids made up of | fats and oils |
| what are saturated fatty acids | they have no double bonds, (think saturated by hydrogen) they are solid at room temperature AKA BUTTER |
| what are unsaturated fatty acids | they have one or more double bonds between the CARBON they are liquid are room temp. AKA OLIVE OIL |
| what are triglycerides | simple lipids made up of 3 fatty acids like to 1 glycerol *most common for of fat in a diet* |
| what are the functions of fats | 1) provide/ store energy 2) insulators/ protects from heat loss (hibernation) 3) protective layer against cold 4) absorption of fat soluble vitamins 5) building blocks of cholesterol, steroids, hormones |
| what are the 3 essential fatty acids | 1) Linoleic acid 2) Alph-linoleic acid 3) Arachidonic acid ( CATS) |
| Where are essential fatty acids found | found in animal fats |
| what are symptoms of fatty acid deficiency | dry hair coat, poor wound healing, weight loss, decreased immunity, alopecia, anemia |
| which animal gets hepatic lipidosis and why | CATS because they do not metabolize fats well, symptoms are icterus, depression, in-appetance |
| what are monosaccharides and what are the 3 types | simple sugars glucose, fructose, galactose |
| what are the disaccharides made up of | lactose= 1 glucose, 1 galactose sucrose= 1glucose, 1 fructose maltose= 2 glucose |
| what are polysaccharides | starch and dietary fiber |
| easily digested, provide quick but short energy, causes large fluctuations in blood sugar (glycemic index) ex) rice, pasta, bread, potatoes | |
| what enzyme do dogs and cats lack that aids in digestion | amylase found in saliva |
| where are proteins digested | in the stomach |
| where are carbs digested | in the small intestines |
| what is an insoluble carb | fiber |
| why is fiber necessary in a diet | 1) bulks stool 2) holds water in the GI tract 3) regulates cholesterol 4) slows absorption of sugar 5) increases satiety |
| what is the protein-sparring effect | when proteins are sparred from being used for energy if enough carbs are available |
| where are excess carbs stored | stored in liver as glycogen only limited amounts of storage space available, any extra gets stored as fat |
| what are vitamins | organic molecules, not used for energy, must be supplied in the diet, fat and water soluble, prevents deficiency |
| what are the 3 micronutrients | vitamins, minerals, supplements |
| what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins | K, A, D, E |
| what is vitamin A's functions | 1) vision 2) bone growth 3) reproduction 4) maintenance of skin cells 5) immune system |
| what foods can you find vitamin A | milk, fish, carrots, liver, yellow,and green veggies |
| which animal can NOT convert carotenoids into vitamin A | CATS |
| what happens when there is an excess of vitamin A | skeletal malformations, bony hyperplasia |
| what does vitamin D do | regulates the absorption of calcium, can NOT be synthesized by sunlight to the active form |
| where can one find vitamin D | egg yolk, liver, and some fish |
| what happens with there is excess vitamin D | 1) soft tissue mineralization 2) bony remolding 3) organ failure 4) rickets |
| what is the main function of vitamin E | antioxidant- helps protect against cell damage due to free radicals |
| where can one find vitamin E | corn, nuts,olives, oils, green leafy veggies |
| what does vitamin E deficiencies lead to | 1) muscle disease 2) poor reproduction 3) retinal degeneration 4) the more fat in the diet the more vit. E is required |
| what does vitamin K do | helps with blood clotting, regulates bone growth, can be naturally synthesized in the large intestines, and ANTIDOTE FOR RODENTICIDE! |
| where is vitamin K found | green leafy vegetables |
| what are the 2 water soluble vitamins | B and C |
| which vitamin B can be toxic for cats | B3 - niacin |
| what are vitamin B deficiencies | malabsorption in the GI stomatitis ( black tongue disease) poor skin and coat anemia weight loss neurological disorders retinopathy |
| what does vitamin C do | aids in synthesis of collagen and elastin and produced in liver |
| which animals need vitamin C in their diet | humans non human primates guinea pigs fruit eating bats |
| what does one get when they don't get enough vitamin C | scury- impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, anemia, faulty bone formation |
| what are minerals | inorganic elements, 12 essential minerals for life |
| what are the two different types of minerals | macromineral, mircomineral ( trace elements) |
| what are the macrominerals | calcium phosphorus manganese potassium sodium chloride |
| what is calcium | principle inorganic component of bone 99% of calcium is found is bone and teeth |
| what is calcium used for | -muscle contractions -nerve impulses -blood clotting -cardiac function |
| common calcium deficiencies are | -loss of bone structure -pathologic fractures -seizure -cardiac arrhythmias -RICKETS |
| what is phosphorus | second most abundant mineral found in mainly in bone, but also muscle and tissues necessary for ATP (energy) production |
| phosphorus deficiencies | -RICKETS -spontaneous bone fractures -decreased growth -dull hair coat |
| excess phosphorus | -bone loss -urinary stone -calcification of the soft tissue - secondary hyperparathyroidism |
| how much are where is Magnesium found | 60-70% found in bones and teeth needed to metabolize carbs and proteins allows for proper muscle contractions and nerve impluses |
| magnesium excess | not common in dogs can increase urinary stones is cats |
| magnesium deficiency | RARE poor appitite poor bone growth neurologic problems |
| Where is potassium (K) found | found mainly in the intracellular fluid small amounts in bone, and connective tissue |
| what does potassium aid in | -acid base regulation -osmotic regulation -nerve transmission CRITICAL FOR HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS |
| potassium deficiencies | highly unusual in dogs and cats -neurological diseases - weakness - poor growth - cardiac abnormalities |
| potassium excess | -hyperkalemia ( excess K) - bradycardia ( slow heart rate) -vomiting -diarrhea -polyuria/polydipsia -weight loss |
| where is sodium (Na) found and what does it do | found in bone, bony fluid, and tissues -regulates body water, acid base balance -maintains electrical potiential in muscle, nerve, and other tissues -best friends with chloride (NaCl) |
| sodium deficiency | very unusual for dogs dehydration acid base disruption |
| sodium excess | can be harmful in certain medical conditions like heart failure and kidney disease |
| what is chloride and where is it found | found in the stomach as gastric enzymes HCl necessary for normal osmotic pressure and water balance |
| chloride deficiencies | can come from protacted vomiting and water loss usually associated with other electrolye imbalances |
| what are microminerals also known as | trace minerals |
| what are the 6 microminerals | 1) iron 2) copper 3) zinc 4) manganese 5) selenium 6) iodine |
| where is iron found and stored | found in the hemoglobin and myoglobin ( blood and muscle cells) stored in the liver and spleen |
| iron deficiencies | -anemia -muscle weakness -poor growth -decreased hemoglobin and myoglobin production |
| iron excess | TOXIC destroys the liver and spleen cells uncommon |
| What is Copper's function and where is in stored | used in many metabolic reactions and enzymatic systems necessary for proper absorbtion and transport of iron needed for osteoblast activity in skeletal development STORED IN THE LIVER |
| who is coppers best friend | iron (CuFe) |
| copper toxicity | -causes liver disease -causes problems in dogs with copper storage disease |
| which dogs are prone to getting copper storge disease | Dalmatians, German shepherds, retrievers, and Doberman |
| what does Zinc do | cofactor in synthesis of DNA and RNA and protein essential for normal cellular immunity and reproductive function |
| Zinc deficiencies | -skin lesions -hair loss -crusting -depigmentation |
| What are the dogs prone to getting Zinc deficiencies | Bull terriers- die as puppies huskys and malamutes |
| Zinc toxicity | happens when zinc coins are ingested -hemolytic anemia -gastroenteritis |
| Manganese functions | necessary for bone development and neurologic formation -deficiencies are rare but result in poor bone growth and reproduction |
| Selinium functions | antioxidant and found in small amounts of tissues |
| Iodine function | necessary for thyroid hormone production locally grown foods must have iodine added (in the soil) |
| what are some iodine imbalances | cause goiters, myxedema, weight gain and mostly seen in cats |
| what are supplements | a substance meant to ortify the diet and contains a herb, amino acid, vitamin, or mineral, or combination food grade and most BOUGHT OVER THE COUNTER |
| Nutraceuticals | foods that are supplied in a non food form CAN NOT BE BOUGHT OVER THE COUNTER used as therapeutic agents |
| how do we measure energy | U.S.- uses kilocalorie (kcal) everyone else uses kilojoule (kj) 1 kcal= 1000 calories |
| what is gross energy (GE) | all potiential energy in a food or diet |
| what is digestible energy (DE) | GE (gross energy) minus energy lost in feces |
| what is metabolizable energy (ME) | DE (digestable energy) minus energy lost in urine and gas |
| what is net energy (NE) | ME (metabolizable energy) minus the energy lost during digestion and absorption |
| what are Atwater factors | assign energy content to the three macronutrients PROTEIN- 3.5 kcal/g FAT- 8.5 kcal/g CARB- 3.5 kcal/g |
| how much energy density is in dry dog food | 3500 kcal/kg |
| how much energy density is in dry cat food | 3500 kcal/kg |
| does water increase or decrease the energy density | DECREASES |
| resting energy requirement (RER) | amount of energy needed to just stay alive ******* (30x BW(kg)+ 70******* |
| metabolizable energy requirement (MER) | amount of energy for a healthy animal is normal exercise LOOK AT CHART HANDED OUT FOR DOGS AND CATS |
| to turn Lbs into kgs you... | always DIVIDE by 2.2 |
| to turn kgs into Lbs you... | always MULTIPLE by 2.2 |
| normal, neutered adult cat (MER) | 1.2 x RER |
| intact cat (MER) | 1.4 x RER |
| active adult cat(MER) | 1.6 x RER |
| obese adult cat (MER) | 1.0 x RER |
| weight loss cat (MER) | 0.8 x RER ideal weight |
| critical care cat (MER) | 1.0 x RER |
| weight gain cat (MER) | 1.2 - 1.4 x RER ideal weight |
| geriatric cat (MER) | 1.1 x RER |
| neutered adult dog (MER) | 1.6 x RER |
| intact dog (MER) | 1.8 x RER |
| inactive/obese dog (MER) | 1.2 - 1.4 x RER |
| weight loss dog (MER) | 1.0 x RER ideal weight |
| weight gain dog (MER) | 1.2 - 1.8 x RER ideal weight |
| active working dogs (MER) | 2.0 x RER, and 5.0 x RER |
| puppy 0-4 months (MER) | 3.0 x RER |
| puppy older than 4 months (MER) | 2.0 x RER |
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lizardpants
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