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Vet Terms Ch. 3
Meat and Bones
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| musculoskeletal system | consists of 2 systems that work together to support the body and allow movement of the animal - the skeletal system and the muscular system |
| ossification | formation of bone and fibrous tissue |
| osteoblasts | immature bone cells that produce bony tissue |
| osteoclasts | phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from medullary cavity of long bones |
| oste/o, oss/e, oss/i | bone |
| -blasts | immature |
| osteocytes | mature osteoblasts |
| hematopoietic | red bone marrow located in cancellous bone |
| hemat/o | blood |
| -poietic | pertaining to formation |
| medullary cavity | inner space of bone |
| cartilage | connective tissue that is more elastic than bone |
| articular cartilage | a specific type of cartilage, covers the joint surface of bone |
| meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as canine stifle, that cushions forces applied to the joint |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| joints/articulations | connections between bones |
| arthr/o | joint |
| synarthroses | allows no movement |
| amphiarthroses | allows slight movement |
| diarthroses | allows free movement |
| suture | jagged line where bones join and form nonmovable joint |
| fontanelle | soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth |
| symphysis | joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone; cartilaginous joint |
| mandibular symphysis | the halves of the mandible fuse at a symphysis to form one bone |
| pubic symphysis | the halves of the pelvic also fuse at symphysis |
| synovial joints | ball and socket joints; enarthrosis |
| ball and socket joints | allow a wide range of motion in many directions such as hip and shoulder joints |
| arthrodial or condyloid | joints with oval projections that fit into a socket such as carpal joints |
| trochoid joints | iclude pulley-shaped joints like the connection between the atlas to the axis |
| hinge joints | allows motion in one plane or direction , such as canine stifle and elbow joints |
| gliding joints | move or glide over each other as in radioulnar joint or articulating process between successive vertebrae |
| saddle joint | located in carpometacarpal joint of thumb |
| ligament | band of fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another bone to help stabilize joints |
| tendon | band of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone to help the animal move |
| bursa | fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movemennt in areas of friction |
| synovial membrane | inner lining of bursae and synovial joints |
| synovial fluid | secreted from synovial membrane, which acts as lubricant to make joint movement smooth |
| axial skeleton | framework of body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum |
| appendicular skeleton | framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle |
| cranium | portion of the skull that encloses the brain |
| crain/o | skull |
| frontal | forms the roof of the cranial cavity or "front" or cranial portion of the skull |
| parietal | paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity |
| occipital | forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum, or opening for the spinal chord, is located |
| foramen | an opening in bone through which tissue passes |
| magnum | large |
| temporal | paired bones that form the side and base of the cranium |
| sphenoid | paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket |
| ethmoid | forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity |
| incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares |
| pterygoid | forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx |
| sinuses | air or fluid filled spaces |
| zygomatic | forms the orbit and cheekbone; projections from the temporal and zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) |
| maxilla | forms upper jaw |
| mandible | forms the lower jaw |
| palatine | forms the hard palate |
| lacrimal | forms the medial part of the orbit |
| nasal | forms the bridge of the nose |
| vomer | forms the nasal septum |
| nasal septum | cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities |
| hyoid | bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx |
| vertebral column | supports the head and body and protects the spinal chord; spinal chord; back bone |
| vertebra | vertebral column consists of individual bones |
| body | solid portion ventral to the spinal chord |
| arch | dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds the spinal chord |
| lamina | left or right dorsal half of the arch |
| spinous process | single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch |
| transverse processes | project laterally from the right and left side of the vertebral arch |
| articular processes | paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch |
| vertebral foramen | the opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal chord pass |
| intervertebral discs | the vertebrae are separated and cushioned from each other by cartilage discs |
| atlas | C1 or cervical vertebra one |
| axis | C2 or cervical vertebra two |
| ribs | paired bones that attach the thoracic vertebrae; costals |
| cost/o | ribs |
| strenum | breastbone, forms midline ventral portion of the rib cage |
| manubrium | cranial portion of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | the caudal portion of the sternum |
| thoracic cavity | the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae ; ribcage |
| scapula | large triangular bone on the skin of the thorax; shoulder blade |
| clavicle | slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula; collarbone |
| vestigial | |
| rudimentary | |
| humerus | long bone of proximal front limb; brachium |
| antibrachium | the radius and ulna are the two bones of the forearm or distal limb |
| radius | cranial bone of front limb |
| ulna | caudal bone of the front limb |
| oclecranon | ulna has a proximal projection; that forms the point of the elbow |
| carpal bones | irregularly shaped bones in the area known as wrist in people |
| carpal | |
| knee | |
| metacarpals | bones found distal to the carpus; identified in numbers from medial to lateral |
| splint bones | in the horse, metacarpals II and IV do not articulate with the phalanges |
| interosseous | splint bones are attached by |
| cannon bone | ligament to third metacarpal |
| phalanges | bones of the digits |
| phalanx | one bone of the digit |
| digits | bones analogous to the human finger and vary in animals |
| dewclaw | digit 1 in of dogs; may be removed shortly after birth |
| ungulates | animals with hooves |
| fetlock joint | the joint between metacarpal III and the proximal phalanx |
| pastern joint | joint between p1 and p2 |
| coffin joint | joint between p2 and p3 |
| long pastern bone | p1 |
| short pastern bone | p2 |
| coffin bone | p3 |
| claw | phalanx 3 (p3); non-hooved animals |
| declaw | surgical procedure to remove claw; onychetomy |
| seasmoid bones | small nodular bones embedded in tendon or joint capsule |
| navicular bone | seasomoid bone located inside the hoof and on the palmer and plantar surface |
| pelvis | hip; consist of illium, ischium and pubis |
| ilium | largest pair and is blade shape |
| sacroiliac joint | forms when ilium articulates with the sacrum |
| ischium | caudal pair of bones |
| pubis | ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by a cartilaginous joint |
| pubic smphysis | cartiliginous joint |
| acetabulum | large socket of the pelvic bone and forms where the three bones meet |
| femur | thigh bone; proximal long bone of the rear |
| femoral head | head of femur |
| femoral neck | head of femur is connected to this narrow area |
| throchanters | large flat broad projections on a bone |
| condyles | rounded projection |
| patella | large seasamoid bone in the rear limb |
| stifle joint | houses the patella |
| popliteal | seasamoid bone in the rear limb of some animals |
| tibia | larger and more weight bearing bone of two |
| fibula | long,slender bone |
| crus | area of rear limb between and hock |
| tarsus | tarsal bones are irregularly shaped bones, in small animals this joint is called |
| hock | tarsal bones are irregularly shaped bones, in large animals |
| talus | shorter, medial tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bone |
| calceneus | long tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones |
| meta- | beyond |
| aperture | opening |
| canal | tunnel |
| crest | high projection or border projection |
| crista | ridge |
| dens | toothlike structure |
| eminence | surface projection |
| facet | smooth area |
| fissure | deep cleft |
| foramen | hole |
| fossa | trench or hollow depressed area |
| fovea | small pit |
| head | major protusion |
| lamina | thin flat plate |
| line | projection or ridge |
| malleolus | rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula) |
| meatus | passage or opening |
| process | projection |
| protuberance | projecting part |
| ramus | branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure |
| sinus | space or cavity |
| spine | sharp projection |
| sulcus | groove |
| suture | seam |
| trochanter | broad, flat projection (on femur) |
| tubercle | small round surface of projection |
| tuberosity | projection part |
| arthritis | inflammatory condition of joints |
| arthrodynia | joint pain |
| arthropathy | joint disease |
| bursitis | inflammation of bursa |
| chrondromalcia | abnormal cartilage softening |
| chrondropathy | cartilage disease |
| discospondylitis | inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae |
| epiphysitis | inflammtion of growth plate |
| exostosis | benign growth on the bone surface |
| gouty artiritis/ gout | joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint (seen more commonly in bones) |
| hip dysplasia | abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly; most commonly seen in large breed dogs |
| intervetebral disc disease | rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal chord or spinal nerve roots; heriniated disc, ruptured disc, IVDD |
| kyphosis | dorsal crvation of the spine; hunchback |
| Legg-Calve-Perthed disease | idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs ; also called avascular necrosis of the femoral head and neck |
| lordosis | postion in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally; seen in cats in heat; sway back |
| luxiation | dislocation or displacement of bone from joint |
| myeloma | tumor complosed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow |
| ostealigia | bone pain |
| osteitis | infammation of bone |
| osteaarthritis | degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on joints; degenerative joint disease, DJD |
| osteachondrosis | degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification |
| osteaochondrosis dissecans | degeneration or necrosis of cartilage followed by degeneration or recalcification with dissecting flap of articular cartilage and some inflammatory joint changes |
| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for anaylysis |
| arthrography | injection of a joint with a contrast material radiographic examination |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope |
| densitometer | device that measures bone density using light and x-rays |
| goniometer | instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint |
| radiology | study of internal body structures after exposing to ionizing radiation; used to detect fracture and diseases in the bone |
| ankylosis | loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery |
| ankyl/o | bent or stiff |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| joint mice | detached pieces of articular cartilage; osteophytes |
| osteomalalcia | abnormal softening of the bone |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| osteonecrosis | death of bone tissue |
| osteoporosis | abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity |
| osteosclerosis | abnormal hardening of bone |
| periostitis | inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone |
| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder of connective tissue and joints ; RA |
| sequestrum | piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from the adjacent healthy bone |
| spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae |
| spondylitis deformans | chronic degeneration of articular processes and the development of bony outgrwoths around ventral edge of vertebrae |
| spur | bony projection growing out of bone |
| subluxation | partial dislocation or displacemnt of a bone from its joint |
| synovitis | inflammation of synovitis membrane of joints |
| avulsion fracture | broken bone which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull |
| callus | bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone |
| closed fracture | broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin; simple fracture |
| comminuted fracture | broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces |
| compression fracture | broken bone produced when the bones are pressed together |
| crepitation | cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together; crepitus |
| displaced fracture | bone fractures are out of line |
| fracture | broken bone |
| greenstick fracture | bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent; incomplete fracture |
| immobilization | act of holding, suturing, or fastening bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast |
| manipulation | attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or dislocation; reduction |
| oblique fraction | broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis |
| open fracture | broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin; compound fracture |
| pathologic | broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease |
| malunion | two bony ends of the fracture fail to heal together correctly |
| nonunion | total failure of fracture healing |
| physeal fracture | bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate; catergorized as SALTER-HARRIS IV fractures |
| spiral fracture | broken bone in which the bone is twisted apart or spiraled apart |
| stress fracture | broken bone caused by repetitive, local stress on bone |
| transverse racture | broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight the bone |
| amputation | removal of some or all of a body part |
| arthrodesis | fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means |
| desis | to bind or surgical fixation of a bone or joint |
| chemonucleolysis | process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance |
| craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| external fixation | alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, splints, or external fixator (rods or pins) |
| internal fixation | alignment of bone mantained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, pins, or plates |
| laminectomy | surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebra |
| steoectomy | surgical removal of bone |
| osteocentesis | surgical puncture of bone |
| osteodesis | fusion of bones |
| osteopexy | surgical fixation of bone to the body wall |
| osteoplasty | surgical repair of bone |
| osteostomy | surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone |
| osteotomy | surgical incision or sectioning of bone |
| trephination | process of cutting hole into bone using trephine |
| trephine | circular sawlike instrument used to remove bone or tissue |
| adjustment | the application of a controlled, rapid thrust of precise direction and depth delivered to specific contact point; manipulation |
| basic movements of the vertebral column | extension, flexion, lateral flexion, rotation |
| extension | ventral arching or straightening of spine |
| flexion | dorsal arching of the spine |
| lateral flexion | bowing or bending to each side (right or left) |
| rotation | twisting to the right or left |
| fixation | when a joint becomes immobilized in a fixed position that may occur at rest or during normal movement |
| malarticulations | the connections between bones do not line up correctly |
| misalignment | a motion segment in which alignment, movement integrity, and/or physiological function are altered, although contact between joint surfaces remains intact; chiropractic use of this term typically implies vertical misalignment; subluxation; |
| motion segment | basic functional unit of the spine; consists of two articulating surfaces and the connecting tissues binding them to each other; includes two vertebral, the invertebral disc, nerves, arteries & soft tissue structures |
| range of motion | amount of movement that occurs at a particular joint or region of the body; ROM |
| spinal manipulation | manipulation of the spine to restore its normal motion and alignment. spinal manipulation relieves any restrictions on the nerves or spinal cord that could impair their function and function of the organs they innervate; |
| ambulation | walking, running, or otherwise moving from one place to another |
| fascia | a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
| linea alba | fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscle |
| aponeurosis | fibrous sheet that provides attachment to a muscular fibers and is a means or origin or insertion of flat muscle |
| kinesiology | study of movement |
| antagonistic | muscle that work against or opposite each other |
| agon | struggle |
| synergist | muscles that contract at the same time as another muscle to help movement or support movement; agnostic |
| contraction | tightening |
| relaxation | lessening of tension |
| neuromuscular junction | point at which nerve endings come in contact with the muscle cells |
| tonus | muscle tone |
| muscle origin | muscles are formed by where they begin and where they end; muscle insertion |
| abductor | muscle that moves a part away from the midline |
| adductor | muscle that moves a part toward the midline |
| flexor | muscle that bends a limb at its joint or decreases the joint angle |
| extensor | muscle that straightens a limb or increases the joint angle |
| levator | muscle that raises or elevates a part |
| depressor | muscle that lowers or depresses a part |
| rotator | muscle that turns its body part on its axis |
| supinator | muscle that rotates the palmer or plantar surface upward |
| pronator | muscle that rotates the palmer or plantar surface downward |
| pectoral muscle | located on chest |
| expaxial muscles | located on pelvic axis |
| intercoastal muscles | located between ribs |
| infraspinatus muscles | located beneath spine of the scapula |
| supraspinatus muscles | located above the spine of the scapula |
| inferior | below or deep |
| medius | middle |
| superior | above |
| externus | outer |
| internus | inner |
| orbicularis | muscles surrounding another structure |
| rectus | straight; align with vertical axis of the body |
| oblique | slanted; slant outward away from the midline |
| transverse | crosswise; for crosswise in the middle |
| sphincter | tight band; ringlike and constrict the opening of a passageway |
| bicepts | generally have two divisions |
| triceps | generally have 3 divisions |
| quadricepts | generally has 4 divisions |
| minimus | muscles that are small |
| maximus | muscles that are large; vastus |
| azygous | not paired |
| latissimus | broad |
| longissimus | narrow; gracilis |
| major | larger |
| minor | smaller |
| deltoid | muscles look like greek letter delta |
| quadratus | muscles are square or 4 sided |
| rhomboideus | muscles are diamond-shaped |
| scalenus | muscles are unequally 3 sided |
| serratus | muscles are saw-toothed |
| teres | muscles are cylindrical |
| Sartorius muscle | one muscle of the thigh area |
| gemellus | twinned muscle |
| gastrocnemius muscle | leg muscle that resembles the shape of the stomac |
| kneme | leg |
| electromyography | process of recording the electrical activity og the muscle cells near the recording electrodes |
| ectromyogram | rcord of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical simulation |
| adhesion | band of fibers that hold structurs together in an abnormal fashion |
| ataxia | lack of voluntary control of muscle movement ; wobbliness |
| atonic | lacking muscle tone |
| atrophy | decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell |
| dystrophy | defective growth |
| fasciitis | inflammation of the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and seperates muscle ((fascia) |
| fibroma | tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue; fibroid |
| hernia | protrusion of a body part through tissue that normally contain it |
| laxity | looseness |
| leiomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle |
| myasthenia | muscle weakness |
| myoclonus | spasm of muscle |
| clon/o | violent action ;spasm |
| myoma | benign tumor of muscle |
| myopathy | abnormal condition or disease of muscle |
| myositis | inflammation of voluntary muscles |
| myotonia | delayed relaxation of muscle of muscle after contraction |
| rhabdomyoma | benign tumor of striated muscle |
| tendinitis | inflammation of the band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| tetany | muscle spasm or twitching |
| myectomy | surgical removal of muscle or part of muscle |
| myoplasty | surgical repair of muscle |
| myotomy | surgical incision into muscle |
| tenectomy | surgical removal of a part of a tendon |
| tenotomy | surgical division of a tendon |
| skeletal | striated voluntary; long cylindrical, multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to create striated or striped look; attaches bones to body and make motion possible |
| smooth | nonstriated; unstriated; involuntary visceral; spindle shaped without stripes or striations; produces slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of internal organs |
| cardiac | striated involuntary; elongated, branched cells that lie parallel to each other and have dark and light bands; connected by intercalated disks; involuntary contraction of heart muscle |
| hooks/pins | in cattle the point of the ilium and ischium |
| cortical bone | hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; compact bone |
| cancellous bone | lighter, ,less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner poprtions of long bones; spongy bone |
| cortex | bark or shell in Latin |
| cancellous | latticework in Latin |
| epiphysis | wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone |
| proximals epiphysis | located nearest the midline of the body |
| distal epiphsis | located farthest away from midline of the body |
| diasphysis | shaft of a longbone that is composed mainly of compact bone |
| physis | cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone; growth plate; epiphyseal cartliage |
| metaphysis | wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis; in adult animals it is considered part of epiphsis |
| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone |
| endosteum | tough fibrous tissue that forms lining of medullary cavity |
| long bones | bones consisting of shaft, two ends and a marrow cavity; femur bones |
| short bones | cube shaped bones with no marrow cavity; carpal bones |
| flat bones | thin, flat; pelvis |
| pneumatic bones | sinus containing bones; frontal bones |
| irregular bones | unpaired bones; vertebrae |
| sesamoid bones | small bones embedded in a tendon; patella |
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