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FoodMicroLecture 23
Final Exam
| Define mycotoxins. | Secondary metabolites of fungi. |
| Mycotoxins primarily belong to the group ______. | deutromycetes |
| T or F: Mycotoxins are useless to molds. | True |
| Name five of the major mycotoxins in foods. | Aflatoxin, alternaria toxin, citrnin, ochratoxin, patulin |
| _____ are produced by A. flavus and A. parasiticus. | Aflatoxins |
| ___ aflatoxin is the most carcinogenic toxin known to man. | B1 |
| Name three foods associated with aflatoxins. | Corn, peanuts, grains, milk |
| Name three foods associated with alternaria toxins. | Tomatoes, sunflower seeds, mandarin oranges, peppers |
| Name three foods associated with citrinin. | Polished rice, moldy bread, ham, wheat |
| Citrinin can be inhibited by _____. | caffeine |
| Name three toxic effects of ochratoxins. | Kidney damage, birth defects, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic |
| Name three foods associated with ochratoxin. | Grains, soy, beer, coffee, chocolate, wine |
| T or F: There are no ochratoxin regulations in the US. | True |
| What are symptoms of patulin infection? | Inflammation, bleeding, ulcers in GI tract. |
| Name three foods associated with patulin. | Fruits, olives, cheese, cereal |
| _____ are structurally and biologically related to aflatoxins. | sterigmatocystins |
| How does sterigmatocystin function? | Inhibits DNA synthesis. |
| Fumonisins are primarily found in ____ products. | corn |
| What are two consequences of fumonisns? | Esophageal cancer, neural tube defects. |
| T or F: Baking can inhibit trichothecene toxin. | False |
| _____ is associated with dry, rotted potatoes. | Sambutoxin |
| _____ is produced by species of Fusarium. | Zearalenone |
| Zearalenone biological activity mimics _____ compounds. | estrogenic |
| What are symptoms of Ergot poisoning? | Crawling sensations in skin, tingling, vertigo, headaches, hallucinations. |
| Ergot poisoning is associated with _____ products. | grain |
| T or F: Marine toxicants can be distinguished by sight and taste. | False |
| Ciguatera and ciguatoxin are found in _____ products. | marine |
| Paralytic shellfish poisoning and _____ are caused by consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated by "red tides" or algae blooms. | saxitoxin |
| ____ is a neurotoxin that blocks nerve impulses. | saxitoxin |
| ____ is caused by the ingestion of foods that contain high levels of histamine. | scrombrotoxin |
| What are symptoms of scrombotoxin? | Tingling/burning sensation, rash, blood pressure drop, headaches. |
| What are symptoms of tetrodotoxins? | Numbness in lips/tongue, paralysis in face, headache, nausea. |
| T or F: Parasites proliferate in foods. | False |
| _____ are harbored in the intestinal tract of animals, causing cysts. | Protozoa |
| T or F: Giardiasis is contagious. | True |
| What are symptoms are ambiasis? | Loose stools, abdominal pain, fever, vomiting. |
| _____ is caused by entamoeba histolytica. | Ambiasis |
| Cats are the only definite host for _____. | toxoplasmosis |
| _____ is easily killed by freezing, heating, or irradiation. | Toxoplasmosis |
| _____ is found in cattle and pigs. | Sarcocystosis |
| _____ is found in untreated water, and is resistant to chlorine. | Cryptosporidiosis |
| What are symptoms of cryptosporidiosis? | Watery diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, dehydration. |
| _____ mimics cryptosporidiosis. | Cyclosporiasis |
| _____ can live up to 25 years. | Flatworms |
| What are symptoms of flatworms? | Muscle enlargement, vision problems. |
| ____ symptoms are directly correlated to the number of cysts consumed. | Fasciolopsiasis |
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