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Fluids
Fluids in Veterinary Medicine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the clinical signs associated with dehydration? | pyrexia, rapid and weak pulse, panting, MM tacky, CRT slow, eyes may be sunken into orbits, extremities may be cool to touch, loss of skin elasticity |
| What is the normal PCV for a canine? | 37-55% |
| What is the normal PCV for a feline? | 22-45% |
| Why does the TP increase in a dehydrated animal? | Reduced plasma water so it becomes more concentrated |
| Why does the Ur. Sp. Gr. increase in dehydrated animals? | due to reduced water content of urine so it becomes more concentrated |
| If urinary output has failed because of urethral blockage, renal failure, or bladder rupture the electrolytes and metabolites are not being filtered and/or excreted. So what fluid would be best for this patient and why? | xx |
| What are crystalloid solutions? | A group of sodium-based electrolyte fluids. They restore fluid balance; they are similar to extracellular fluid in composition. |
| What are colloid solutions? | A group of fluids that contain large molecules that will remain in the intravascular space; they expand the circulating volume of the blood |
| What percent of body weight is composed of fluid? | 60% |
| Define diffusion. | The movement of water and electrolytes (molecules or solutes) across a semipermeable cell membrane from the side with higher solute concentration to the side with the lower solute concentration until they equilibrate. |
| Define osmosis. | When water moves across a cell membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to the side with the higher solute concentration until the concentrations equilibrate. |
| What are the major extracellular electrolytes? | sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate |
| What electrolyte is the most abundant? | sodium |
| What is the term used for low sodium levels? | hyponatremia |
| What is the term used for excessive sodium levels? | hypernatremia |
| What are the major intracellular electrolytes? | potassium, magnesium and phosphate |
| Which electrolyte should be monitored closely in cardiac patients? | potassium |
| What is the term used for low serum potassium? | hypokalemia |
| If a dog has parvovirus which of course causes vomiting and diarrhea what electrolyte needs to be in the replacement fluids that are given? | potassium |
| The most commonly seen case of hyperkalemia is seen in what instances? | feline urinary obstruction because the kidneys are trying to excrete it but the obstruction stops that |
| The lungs should be auscultated frequently when an animal is on fluids for what reason? | to listen for crackles in the lungs due to overhydration |
| When testing the skin turgor, normal hydrated skin should return to normal in how many seconds? | 2-3 |
| What is the normal urine output for an animal? | 1-2mL/kg/hr |
| What does the urine specific gravity tell us about a patient? | It measures the solids in the solution and indicates if the kidneys are able to concentrate urine. |
| Give examples of crystalloid solutions. | lactated Ringers solution, 0.9% NaCl, and Normosol-R |
| Define isotonic. | A fluid into which normal body cells can be placed without causing either shrinkage or swelling of the cells. |
| Define hypotonic. | A solution that causes cells to swell. |
| Define hypertonic. | A solution that causes cells to shrink. |
| Define what crystalloid replacement solution means. | A solution that has a composition similar to that of plasma, with high sodium and low potassium concentrations. i.e. LRS and Normosol-R |
| Define what crystalloid maintenance solution means. | A solution that contains less sodium and more potassium. i.e. Normosol-M |
| What is the most important organ for fluid balance? | kidney |
| What does the kidney do for fluid balance? | conserve or excrete fluid |
| If the kidneys are conserving fluid what will the urine be? | concentrated |
| If the kidneys are excreting fluid what will the urine be? | dilute |
| What role do the hormones play in the body that help it to maintain fluid balance? | hormones signal the kidneys to conserve or excrete fluid. |
| Which of the following is used to monitor fluid therapy? A) appetite B) bowel movements C) temperature D) urine output | D) urine output |
| One pound of water is equal to how many mls or pints? | 1 pint or 480 mls |
| In what situations do animals become hypokalemic? | vomiting and diarrhea or polyuria |
| What electrolyte imbalance is most likely to be found in a cat with total urethral obstruction? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Hyponatremia D) Hypercalcemia | A) Hyperkalemia because it cannot be excreted |
| What are sensible losses? | easy to measure and refers to water lost through the urine and feces |
| What are insensible losses? | difficult to measure and includes water lost through the respiratory tract such as when an animal pants |
| What can cause abnormal or accelerated loss of fluids? | high environmental temps, physical activity, fever, hemmorhage, polyuria, diarrhea, vomiting and hyperventilation |
| What are the clinical signs of an animal that is less than 5% dehydrated? | none |
| What are the clinical signs of an animal that is 5-6% dehydrated? | Subtle loss of skin elasticity |
| If an animal is 12-15% dehydrated what are the clinical signs? | obvious signs of shock and death is close |
| What are the clinical signs of an animal that is 10-12% dehydrated? | Skin stays tented, increased CRT, eyes sunken in orbits, dry MM, possible signs of shock--tachycardia, cool extremities, rapid, weak pulse. |
| What are the clinical signs of an animal that is 6-8% dehydrated? | Slow skin tent return, slight prolong CRT, Eyes may be sunken, MM may be dry |
| What is the normal urine production amount from the kidneys? | 1-2 mls/kg/hr |
| What type of fluids are used for SQ? | isotonic |
| What is a microdrip set? | They administer 1 ml of fluid in 60 tiny drops. |
| What weight group are microdrips usually used in ? | less than 10 kg |
| What is the most common fluid administration set? | Macro drip which administers 1 ml of fluid in 10, 15, or 20 drops |
Created by:
spoitevint
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