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Ag enviro 2 lecture
genetics and biotechnology lecture 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA from two or more species is called | Recombinant DNA |
| a plasmid | a loop of DNA found in bacteria |
| DNA is cut using | restriction enzymes |
| Restriction enzymes do not cut Bacterial DNA as | they have a methyl ch3 group on the adenine and cytosine to prevent this |
| ligase binds | doner genes to bactrerial plasmids |
| sticky ends are found on DNA if | it is not cut straight across |
| PCR is used to | make copies of DNA sequences |
| DNa is read from the | 5' end to the 3' end |
| DNA polymerase (Taq) is | stable at 95 degrees |
| when copying DNA | primers have to be added before nucleotide attach |
| an amplicon is | an amplified region of DNA |
| DNA moves from | negative to positive poles during electrophoresis |
| Agarose gels are used for | separation molecules with a big difference in size |
| polyacrylamide gels are used to | separated molecules which might differ by as little as one base |
| ethilidium bromide stains | orange under uv light |
| mini-satellite tandem repeats | consists of base pairs less than 80 long |
| the amelogenen | found in tooth enamel and female animals have 280 base pairs while male animals have 280 plus 217 base pairs. |
| DNA sequencing (the sanger method chain termination method)is used to | determine the order of bases on a strand of DNA |
| Step 1 of sequencing involves | heating the DNA ti 96 degrees |
| step 2 of sequencing involves | taking the template strand and adding a primer so that the nucleotides can attach |
| step 3 of sequencing invovles | adding DNA polymerase |
| step 4 of sequencing involves | Adding dNTPs such as dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP |
| Step 5 of sequencing involves | Adding ddNTPs which cause chain termination as there is no available OH group available on carbon 3 for the dNTP nucleotride to attach |
| step 6 of sequencing involves | changing the temperature to get fragments of different length |
| polyacrylamide gels are used to separate | segments differing by very few nucleotides |
| after sequencing the resulting pattern of bands is called | an autoradiograph |
| applications of sequencing include | genomes, sequencing extinct species, studying aurochs and forensics |
| a transgene is | a foreign gene.. a gene from another species |
| to make a transgene animal either | inject it into the proembryo nuclei or do a nuclear transfer |
| products from transgenes include | growth factor, factor 8, insulin, and bovine growth hormone |
| the following are not transgenic | surrogacy, AI, IVF and transfer of somatic cells to the nucleus |
| plant genetic engineering used a plasmid called TI from | a soil bacterium |
| nutraceuticals means making improved products such as | golden rice with beta carotene, rice with extra iron or wheat with extra folic acid |
| genetically engineered plants have traits such as | insect resistance, glyphosphate resistance, pathogen resistant and increased yields |
| genes can be edited using | CRISPR Cas9 enzymes which cut DNA and allow new genes to be inserted |
Created by:
MKHealy
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