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Medical Terminology
Week 7 - Integumentary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| epithelial tissue | tissue that makes up the skin |
| dermatology | the study of skin |
| epidermis | the outermost layer of the skin; several layers thick and doesn't contain the blood vessels (known as avascular); depends on the deeper layers for nourishment |
| dermis | means skin |
| squamous epithelium | composed of flat, plate-like cells; cells are arranged in many layers called "stratified squamous epithelium" |
| basal layer | the deepest layer of the epidermis; cells layer, multiply, and push forward into the basal layer; as the cells move superficially, they die and become filled with keratin |
| keratin | a protein that provides skin with a waterproofing properties |
| melanocytes | cells in the basal layer which produce and contain a black pigment |
| melanin | the black pigment produced by melanocytes; protects the skin from some of the harmful rays of the sun and is responsible for skin pigmentation |
| albinism | the absence of normal pigmentation; true albinism means that the hair, skin and eyes have no pigmentation |
| dermis | the layer directly deep to the epidermis; composed of blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers and the accessory organs of the skin; contains connective tissue |
| corium | the dermis |
| stratum basale/stratum germinativum | deepest or basal layer that continually multiplies to replenish cells lost from the epidermal surface |
| cuboidal cells | cubelike cells that are arranged in rows |
| stratum spinosum | the layer immediately superficial to the stratum basale, which is the thickest in hairless regions and in areas of high wear and tear; aka: prickle or spinous layer |
| keratinization and desquamation | both begin in the stratum spinosum; keratinization is the development of the hard, protein constituent of hair, nails, epidermis, horny structures and tooth enamel; desquamation is the process in which cell organelles gradually dissolve |
| stratum granulosum | the layer immediately superficial to the stratum spinosum; cells contain keratin granules in their cytoplasm |
| stratum lucidum | the layer immediately superficial to the stratum granulosum, which is clear b/c of the accumulation of keratin fibers in cell cytoplasm; layer is not present in all species but when present it is found in areas of high wear and tear (ie. foot pads) |
| stratum corneum | the most superficial layer of the epidermis; consists of layers of dead, highly keratinized and flattened cells; aka: horny layer |
| fibroblasts | fiber-producing cells; collagen is the major fiber in the dermis |
| collagen | tough, flexible, fibrous protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments |
| histiocytes | phagocytic cells that engulf foreign substances; aka: tissue macrophages |
| mast cells | cells that respond to insult by producing and releasing histamine and heparin |
| histamine | chemical released in response to allergens that cause itching |
| heparin | anticoagulant chemical released in response to injury |
| perception | the ability to recognize sensory stimuli; received by nerve impulses that recognize temperature, touch, pain and pressure |
| tactile perception | the ability to recognize touch sensation |
| subcutaneous layer | located deep to or under the dermis and is composed of connective tissue; contains a large amount of fat or lipid |
| adipocytes | fat cells that produce lipid; released from its glands through ducts that open into the hair follicles |
| subaceous glands (oil glands) | secrete an oily substance called sebum; located in the dermis and are closely associated with hair follicles; moves from the hair follicle to the skin surface, where it lubricates the skin; slightly acidic and retards bacterial growth on the skin |
| ducts | tubelike passages |
| ductules | tiny ducts |
| holocrine glands | the secreting cells and their secretions make up the discharge produced |
| where subaceous glands are found | found in the anal sacs, circumoral and supracaudal glands (cats use these to mark territory when they groom and rub their tail) |
| sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) | aggregations of cells that are located in the dermis; divided into eccrine glands and apocrine glands |
| eccrine glands | produce and secrete water, salt, and waste (sweat) and are located in various regions of the body depending on the species |
| apocrine glands | produce and secrete a strong-smelling substance into the hair follicles; found throughout the body, |
| hyperthermia / hypothermia | sweat glands help regulate body temp from becoming too high or too low |
| hidrosis | the production and excretion of sweat |
| anhidrosis | the abnormal reduction of sweating |
| hyperhidrosis | excessive sweating |
| ceruminous glands | modified sweat glands that are located in the ear canal; secrete cerumen |
| cerumen | a waxy substance of varying colors depending on the species; aka: ear wax |
| pil/i, pil/o, trich/o | meaning hair |
| hair shaft | the portion of the hair extending beyond the skin surface; composed of the cuticle, cortex and medulla |
| cuticle | one cell layer thick and appears scaly |
| cortex | the main component of the hair shaft, is several layers thick and responsible for coat color |
| medulla | the innermost component of the hair shaft |
| hair follicles | sacs that hold the hair fibers |
| arrector pili | a tiny muscle attached to the hair follicle that causes the hair to stand erect in response to cold temperatures or stress |
| piloerection | the condition of the hair standing straight up, called "raising the hackles" |
| fur | short, fine, soft hair |
| pelt | skin in addition to fur or hair |
| guard hairs | long, straight, stiff hairs that form the outer coat; aka: primary hairs or topcoat; include tail and mane hair, bristly hair of swine and most of the fur hair |
| secondary hairs | finer, softer, and wavy hair; aka: undercoat; include wool and wavy hair located near the skin of rabbits |
| tactile hair | long, brittle, extremely sensitive hairs usually located on the face; aka: vibrissae (ie. whiskers) |
| cilia | thin, short hairs (ie. eyelashes) |
| simple pattern hair growth | guard hairs that grow from separate follicular openings, as in cattle |
| compound pattern hair growth | multiple guard hairs that grow from single follicles, as in dogs |
| shedding | normal hair loss caused by temperature, hormones, photoperiod (light), nutrition and other non-disease cause |
| distal phalanx | covered by nails, claws or hooves |
| walls | usually located dorsal and lateral to the distal phalanx |
| sole | located ventral to the distal phalanx and usually is flaky |
| foot pads (aka: tori) | provide cushioning and protection for the bones of the foot; usually thick and composed of keratinized epithelium; has a SQ layer that contains a large # of adipose cells and elastic connective tissue; sweat glands are found in most mammalian foot pads |
| digital pads | dogs and cats have these on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the phalanges |
| metacarpal and metatarsal pads | singular pads located on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the metacarpal and metatarsal areas, respectively |
| carpal pads | located on the palmar surface of each carpus; do not bear weight when the animal is standing |
| digitigrade animals | dogs and cats; animals that walk on their toes with only the digital and metacarpal and metatarsal pads making contact with the ground |
| plantigrade animals | animals that have well-developed foot pads (ie. primates); walk with phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals, and carpal and tarsal bones making contact with the ground |
| nails and claws | keratin plates covering the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx; the dorsal and lateral surface of the claw is covered by the wall and the ventral surface is the sole; beneath wall and sole is connective tissue dermis (contains blood vessels and nerves |
| quick | the sensitive tissue located in the nails/claws |
| quicking | describes trimming the nail or claw to the level of the dermis; results in bleeding or pain (onych/o means claw) |
| hooves (ungul/o means hoof) | the horny covering of the distal phalanx in ungulates or hooved animals, such as equine, ruminants and swine; some ungulates have a solid hoof (horses) and some have cloven or split hooves (ruminants and swine); ventral surface of the hoof is the sole |
| corium | the dermis of the hoof; located under the epidermal surface of the hoof wall, sole and frog; responds tot he quick |
| coronary band | region where hoof meets the skin; analogous to the cuticle of the human nail; the site of hoof wall growth; aka: coronet |
| periople | flaky tissue band located at the junction of the coronary band and the hoof wall and extends distally; widens at the heel to cover the bulbs of the heels |
| wall | epidermal tissue that includes the toe (front), quarters (sides) and heels (back) |
| bars | raised V-shaped structure on the ventral surface of the hoof; located on either side of the frog |
| sole | softer hoof tissue located on the ventral surface of the hoof |
| frog | V-shaped pad of soft horn located in the central region of the ventral hoof surface of equine (located between the bars); when weight is put on the frog, blood is forced out of the foot to promote circulation of blood throughout the foot |
| bulbs of heel | upward thickening of the frog above the heels of the wall |
| dewclaws | rudimentary bones; dogs - first digit, cloven-hoofed animals - digits II and V |
| chestnuts | vestigial pads in equine; located on the medial surface of the leg |
| ergots | vestigial pads in equine; located in a tuft of hair on the fetlock joints; correspond to metacarpal and metatarsal pads in the dog |
| horns | protective structures located in the head region of animals; permanent structures that grow continuously after bird; grow from the frontal skull bones and originate from keratinized epithelium |
| cornification | the conversion of epithelium into keratin or horn |
| polled | breeds that are naturally hornless |
| antlers | not permanent structures and are shed and regrown annually; grow from the skull and are initially covered with skin called "velvet" (rubbed off after skin dies); after velvet is rubbed off, bone is exposed and antlers lose their blood supply and are shed |
| biopsy | removal of living tissue for examination of life |
| incisional biopsy | the removal of a piece of a tumor or lesion for examination |
| excisional biopsy | the removal of an entire tumor or lesion in addition to a margin surrounding tissue for examination |
| needle biopsy | the insertion of a sharp instrument into a tissue for examination |
| culture | diagnostic or research procedure used to allow microbes to reproduce in predetermined media; performed using media that contains specific nutrients necessary for optimal growth of particular microbes |
| tissue culture | takes epithelial cells and grows them in a medium so that intracellular microbes such as viruses can replicate |
| exfoliative cytology | scraping of cells from tissue and examination under a microscope |
| intradermal skin testing | injection of test substances into the skin layer to observe a reaction; used for diagnosis of atopy with the injection of multiple allergens or for TB testing by injecting TB into the skin layer and observing the injection site for post-injection reaction |
| purified protein derivative | PPD testing for Tuberculosis |
| skin scrape | microscopic examination of skin for the presence of mites |
| abrasion | injury in which superficial layers of the skin are scraped |
| absess | localized collection of pus |
| acne | skin inflammation caused by plugged sebaceous glands and comedone development from papules and pustules |
| chin acne | common condition in cats in which acne develops on the chin and lip area |
| acute moist dermatitis | bacterial skin disease that is worsened by licking and scratching; aka: hot spot |
| alopecia | hair loss resulting in hairless patches or complete lack of hair |
| shedding | normal hair loss due to various causes |
| atopy | hypersensitivity reaction in animals involving pruritus with secondary dermatitis; commonly called "allergies" or "allergic dermatitis" |
| hypersensitization | increased response to an allergen |
| hyposensitization | decreased response to an allergen; animals with atopy may undergo a series of hyposensitization injectiosn to decrease their response to a specific allergen |
| bullae | multiple contained skin elevations filled with fluids that is greater than 0.5cm in diameter (sing: bulla) |
| burn | tissue injury caused by heat, flame, electricity, chemicals or radiation |
| carbuncle | cluster of furuncles |
| carcinoma | malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue |
| cellulitis | inflammation of connective tissue; may be diffuse (widespread) or localized (well-defined area) |
| comedo | blackhead or building of sebum and keratin in a pore (pl: comedones) |
| contusion | injury that does not break the skin; characterized by pain, swelling and discoloration |
| crust | collection of dried sebum and cell debris |
| dermatitis | inflammation of the skin |
| contact dermatitis | inflammation of the skin caused by touching an irritant |
| dermatocellulitis | inflammation of the skin and connective tissue |
| dermatomycosis | abnormal skin condition caused by superficial fungus; aka: dermatophytosis |
| dermatophytes | superficial fungi that are found on the skin (ie. ringworm) |
| discoid lupus erythematosus | canine autoimmune disease in which the bridge of the nose (and sometimes the face and lips) exhibit depigmentation, erythema, scaling and erosions; abbr: DLE; |
| deskeratosis | abnormal alteration in keratinization |
| ecchymosis | purplish nonelevated patch of bleeding into the skin; aka: bruise |
| ecthyma | skin infection with shallow eruptions caused by a pox virus; aka: soremouth |
| eczema | general term for inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythemia, papules, vesicles, crusts and scabs either alone or in combination |
| eosinophilic granuloma complex | collective name for autoimmune lesion of eosinophilic ulcer, plaque and linear granuloma (found in cats, rarely dogs); affects the skin, mucocutaneous junctions and oral mucosa of cats (raised, ulcerated plaques) |
| eosinophilic ulcer/rodent ulcer | located on the lip or oral mucosa of cats |
| eosinophilic plaques | raised pruritic lesions no the ventral abdomen of cats |
| linear granulomas | located in a line usually on the caudal aspect of the hindlimb of cats |
| erythema | skin redness |
| erythroderma | abnormal redness of skin occurring over a widespread area |
| exanthema | cutaneous rash caused by fever or disease |
| feline miliary dermatitis | skin disease of cats in which multiple crusts or bumps are present predominantly on the dorsum; can be associated with many causes |
| fissue | cracklike sore |
| fistula | abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between 2 internal organs |
| flea allergy dermatitis | inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic reaction to flea saliva; abbr: FAD |
| allergen | a substance that produces an allergic response |
| footrot | bacterial hoof disease that spreads from the interdigital skin to the deeper foot structures |
| frostbite | tissue damage caused by extreme cold or contact with chemicals with extreme temperature (ie. liquid nitrogen) |
| furuncle | localized skin infection in a gland or hair follicle; aka: boil |
| furunculosis | the abnormal condition of persistent boils over a period of time |
| gangrene | necrosis associated with loss of circulation |
| necrosis | condition of dead tissue |
| petrefaction | decay that produces a foul smell |
| granuloma | small area of healing tissue |
| hemangioma | benign tumor composed of newly formed blood vessels |
| hyperkeratosis | increased growth of the horny layer of the skin; aka: acanthokeratodermia |
| infestations | occupation and dwelling of a parasite on the external surface of tissue |
| ectoparasites | live on the external surface of the host |
| louse | a wingless parasitic insect; pl: lice |
| pediculosis | lice infestation |
| mite | an insect with a hard exoskeleton and paired, jointed legs |
| mange | common term for skin disease caused by mites; types of mites - sarcoptic and demodecticc |
| chippers | infestation by mite larvae that results in severe pruritus |
| ascariasis | infestation with ticks or mites |
| maggots | insect larvae found especially in dead or decaying tissue |
| myiasis | infestation by fly larvae |
| keratosis | abnormal condition of epidermal overgrowth and thickening |
| laceration | accidental cut into the skin |
| lesion | pathologic change of tissue; used to describe abnormalities in many locations |
| lipoma | benign growth of fat cells; aka: fatty tumor |
| macule | tumor or growth of pigmented cells |
| malignant melanoma | the term used to describe cancer of pigmented skin cells |
| amelanotic melanoma | cancer of unpigmented malilgnant melanoma |
| nodule | small knot protruding above the skin |
| onychomycosis | superficial fungal infection of the claw |
| pallor | skin paleness |
| papilloma | benign epithelial growth that is lobed |
| papule | small, raised skin lesion less than 0.5cm in diameter |
| parakeratosis | lesion characterized by thick scales, cracking and red raw surface caused by the persistence of keratinocyte nuclei int he horny layer of skin |
| paronychia | bacterial or viral infection of the claw |
| patch | localized skin color change greater than 1cm in diameter |
| pemphigus | group of immune-mediated skin diseases characterized by vesicles, bullae and ulcers |
| pemphigus vulgaris | most common form of pemphigus; consists of shallow ulcerations frequently involving the oral mucosa and mucocutaneous junctions |
| petechiae | small, pinpoint hemorrhages (sing: petechia) |
| plaque | solid raised lesion greater than 0.5cm in diameter |
| polyp | growth from mucous membranes |
| pruritus | itching |
| purpura | condition characterized by hemorrhage into the skin that causes bruising; two types: ecchymosis and petechia |
| pustule | small, circumscribed (contained to a limited area), pus-filled skin elevation |
| pyoderma | skin condition containing pus |
| pus | an inflammation product made up of leukocytes, cell debris and fluid |
| purulent | means containing or producing pus |
| puppy pyoderma | a skin disease in puppies characterized by pus-containing lesions |
| juvenile pyoderma | a skin disease in puppies that progresses to a systemic disease characterized by fever, anorexia and enlarged and abscessing lymph notes; aka: puppy strangles |
| sarcoma | malignant neoplasm of soft tissue arising from connective tissue |
| scale | flake |
| scar | mark left by a healing lesion where excess collagen was produced to replace injured tissue; aka: cicatrix or cicatrices |
| sebaceous cyst | closed sac of yellow fatty material; contains fluid or semosolid material |
| skin tag | small growth that hairs from the body by stalks |
| ulcer | erosion of skin or mucous membrane |
| decubital ulcers | erosions of skin or mucous membranes as a result of prolonged pressure; aka: bedsores |
| urticaria | localized areas of swelling that itch; aka: hives |
| verrucae | warts |
| vesicle | contained skin elevation filled with fluid that is greater than 0.5cm in diameter; aka: blister, bulla or bleb |
| wheal | smooth, slightly raised swollen area that itches |
| cauterization | destruction of tissue using electric current, heat or chemicals |
| cryosurgery | destruction of tissue using extreme cold |
| debridement | removal of tissue and foreign material to aid healing |
| lance | to open or piece with a lancet (scalpel blade) to allow drainage; abscesses are lanced to drain the pus present in the area |
| laser | device that transfers light into an intense beam for various purposes |
| papule | a small, solid, raised lesion that is less than 0.5cm in diameter |
| plaque | a solid, raised lesion that is greater than 0.5cm in diameter |
| macule | a flat discolored lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter |
| patch | a flat discolored lesion that is greater than 1cm in diameter |
| scale | a flaking or dry patch made up of excess dead epidermal cells |
| crust | a collection of dried serum and cellular debris |
| wheal | a smooth, slightly elevated swollen area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin; usually accompanied by itching |
| cyst | a closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material |
| pustule | small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus |
| vesicle | a circumscribed elevation of skin containing fluid that is less than 0.5cm in diameter |
| bulla | a large vesicle that is more than 0.5cm in diameter |
| ulcer | an open sore or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss |
| fissure | a groove or crack-like sore in the skin |
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