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A.N. System and drug
How drugs affect the Autonomic System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Direct-Acting Cholinergics, seldom used in clinic because it is broken down so rapidly by acteylcholinesteraes. |
| Carbamylcholine | Direct-Acting Cholinergics, This porduct has been used to treat atony of the GI tract and to stimulate uterine contractions in swine. |
| Bethanechol (Urecholine) | Direct-acting Cholinergics, This porduct is used to treat GI and urinary tract atony. |
| Pilocarpine (Isopto Caprine, Akarpine, Pilocar.) | Direct-Acting Cholinergics. This porduct reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma |
| Metoclopramide (Reglan) | Direct-Acting Cholinergics. This porduct is used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying |
| Endrophonium (tensilon) | Indirect-acting cholinergic agents, This product is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis |
| Neostigmine (prostigmine, Stiglyn) | Indirect-acting cholinergic agents, This product are used to treat urinne retention nd GI atony and are used as an antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents. |
| Physostigmine (Antilirium, Eserine) | Indirect-acting cholinergic agents, This product is similar to neostigmine, used to treat urine retention and GI atony |
| Organophosphate compounds | Indirect-acting cholinergic agents, This product is commonly used as insecticide dips and may result in toxicity if used inappropriatly. |
| Demecarium (Humorsol) | Indirect-acting cholinergic agents, This product is used to preventive management of glaucoma |
| Pyridostigimine (Mestinon) | Indirect-acting cholinergic agents, This product is used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. |
| Atropine | Cholinergic Blocking Agents (Anticholinergic), has numerous generic and trade name products are available for parenteral or ophthalmic administrastion |
| Methscopolamine | Cholinergic Blocking Agents (Anticholinergic), is an ingredient of Biosol-M, used to control diarrhea. |
| Glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V) | Cholinergic Blocking Agents (Anticholinergic), This product is a quaternary ammonium compound with actions silimilar to atropine. It provides longer duration of action that ptropine and is used primarily as a preansthetic. |
| Aminopentamide (Centrine) | Cholinergic Blocking Agents (Anticholinergic), This product is used to control vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats. |
| Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) | Cholinergic Blocking Agents (Anticholinergic), This product is used to treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia and to reduce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal exam. It is similar to glycopyrrolate, is a quaternary ammonium comp. |
| Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM) | Cholinergic Blocking Agents (Anticholinergic, This product is a cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication. |
| Epinephrine (Adrenalin) | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, This product stimulates all receptors to cause an increase in heart rate/cardiac output, constriction of the blood vessels in the skin, dilation of the blood vessels in muscles/bronchioles, increase metabolic rate. |
| Norepinephrine (Levophed). | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, this product is mostly an alpha stimultor with some beta stimulation. It's primary influence is that of a vaspresor (raise blood pressure) |
| Isoproterenol (Isuprel) | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, this product is a pure beta stimulator, primary use for bronchodilation. |
| Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, this product is an alpha stimulator that is used as a nasal vasoconstictor |
| Dopamine (intropin) | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, this product is a precursorof epinephrine and norepinephrine. Action=dose dependent. Used to treat shocl and congestive heart failure and to increase renal perfusion. |
| Penlypropanolamine (Proin) | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, this is used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs |
| Dobutmine (Dobutrex) | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, beta-1 agonist that is used for short term treatment of heart failure. |
| Albuterol [Proventil] | Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, these products are beta agonist and their main use is bronchodilation. |
| Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenyline) | Alpha Blocker, this product is a hypotensive (vasodilator) agent. |
| Aacepromazine | Alpha Blocker, this product is a tranquilizer and acts as an alpha blocker and causes vasoldilation |
| Prazosin (Minipress) | Alpha Blocker, this product is a hypotension agent |
| Yohimbine (Yobine) | Alpha Blocker, this product is is used as an antidote for xylazine toxicity |
| Atipamezole (Antisedan) | Alpha Blocker, this product is is a reversal agent for dexmedetomidine |
| Propranolol (inderal) | Beta blocker, this product is used to treat cardiac arrhythimas and hypertrophic cradiomyopathy. |
| Timolol (Timoptic) | Beta blocker, this product is an ophthalmic preparation used to treat glaucoma. |
| Atenolol (Tenormin) | Beta blocker, this product is used in a similar way to propranolol |
| Careolol (Ocupress) | Beta blocker, this product is a human labeled antiglaucoma medication. |
| Levobunolol (Betagan) | Beta blocker, this product is a human labeled antiglaucoma medication. |
| Metipranolol (OptiPranolol) | Beta blocker, this product is a human labeled antiglaucoma medication |
| Aceprmazine maleate (PromAce) | Tranquilizer, proposed that they are dopamine blockers, |
| Chlorpromazine hydrochoride (Thorazine-human labeled) | Tranquilizer, proposed that they are dopamine blockers |
| Promazine HCI (Saprine-human label) | Tranquilizer, proposed that they are dopamine blockers |
| Prochlorperazine (Compazine-human label) | Tranquilizer, proposed that they are dopamine blockers |
| Diazepm (valium, Diastat) | Benzodiazepine Derivatives. |
| Midazolam (Versed) | Benzodiazepine Derivatives. |
| Alprazolam (Xanar) | Benzodiazepine Derivatives. |
| Rompun | Xylazime Hydrochloride, sedative, analgesic,muscle relaxant properties. Antagonized by yohimbine. Combined w/ ketamine can be used for short term field procedures. Used in c-sections in cattle. Dog/cats as a tranquilizer. |
| AnaSed | Xylazime Hydrochloride, sedative, analgesic,muscle relaxant properties. Antagonized by yohimbine. Combined w/ ketamine can be used for short term field procedures. Used in c-sections in cattle. Dog/cats as a tranquilizer. |
| Gemini | Xylazime Hydrochloride, sedative, analgesic,muscle relaxant properties. Antagonized by yohimbine. Combined w/ ketamine can be used for short term field procedures. Used in c-sections in cattle. Dog/cats as a tranquilizer. |
| Sedazine | Xylazime Hydrochloride, sedative, analgesic,muscle relaxant properties. Antagonized by yohimbine. Combined w/ ketamine can be used for short term field procedures. Used in c-sections in cattle. Dog/cats as a tranquilizer. |
| Cervizine (labeled for deer and elk) | Xylazime Hydrochloride, sedative, analgesic,muscle relaxant properties. Antagonized by yohimbine. Combined w/ ketamine can be used for short term field procedures. Used in c-sections in cattle. Dog/cats as a tranquilizer. |
| Detomidine | Similar to xylazine, its an alpha-2 agonist. This product is used as a sedative/analgesic for horses. Some may respond by kicking when they appear to be heavily sedated. Dosage form includes Dormosedan. |
| Medetomidine | Is an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist used as a sedative and analgesic in dogs older than 12 weeks. Dosage form would be Domitor. |
| Dexmedetomidine | Is an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist labeled for use as a sedative and analgesic in dogs and cats. "right-handed" enantiomer of medetomidine. May be combined w/ opioids and ketamine to produce "kitty magic" Dosage forms include dexdomitor. |
| Romifidine | Is an alpha-2-adreenergic agonist labeled for use in horses. Used as a sedative to facilitate handling examination. Dosage forms include sedivet. |
| Barbiturates(Phenobarbital) | Used as an anticonvulsant to prevent epileptic seizures, administered by oral route. Class IV controlled substance. |
| Barbiturates(Pentobarbital) | Given by intravenous injection and provides 1-2 hours of general anesthesia. Primarily used for controlling seizures and as a euthanasia agent. Class II controlled substance. |
| Barbiturates (Thiobarbiturates) | Must be given intravenously to avoid necrosis and sloughing of tissue. Redistriuted into fat stores w/n 15-30 minutes. Careful when administering in thin animals. Can cause periods of apena. |
| The first step of the pain perception pathway involves the sensation of a noxious stimulus and the subsequent transmission of the painful signal. This process is called? | Stimulus transduction |
| When injury occurs, it's not jst those tissues that are directly damaged that stimulate pain receptors. Nearby cells become sensitized and are easily stimulated to detect pain. The resulting throbbing pain found areas near an injury are because of tissue | hyperalgesia |
| Which opioid receptor is primarily responsible for the profound analgesia that is characteristic of these narcotics? | Mu-(weird U) |
| Which of the opioids is considered the standard to which all other opioids are compared in terms of analgesic effects, which are resulting from its primary activity at the mu receptor? | Morphine |
| T/F Inadvertent exposure to fentanyl, either orally or topically, is considered a medical emergency. | True, must be cautious when handling fentanyl |
| Buprenorphine exhibits agonistis activity at the ___ receptor, and antagonistic activity at the ____receptor. | Mu,Kappa |
| Several opioids such as butorphanol and buprenorphine exhibit a limited effect of analgesia regardless of the does that is administered. This is called.. | Ceiling effect |
| T/F Acepromazine is commonly used phenylthiazine tranquilizer used often as a premedication in preparation for general anesthesia induction. And its ability to reduce the seizure threshold in dogs was recently discounted for use in vet medicine. | true |
| Sedative drugs that are members of the alpha-2 agonists include xylazine and dexmedetomidine. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs at their specific adrenergic receptor? | Reduce norepinephrone in the synapse |
| T/F Another name for a pain receptor is transducer. | False; another name for a pain receptor is a nociceptor, tranducer is involved in the noxious stimuli into electricnactivity at the sensory nerve endings. |
| What is modulation in the pain pathway? | The transmission of sensory depolarization wave up the spinal cord. |
| What happens when the inflammation process is decreased shortly after trauma? | Pain can be reduced |
| Which two of the four known opioid receptors have the most significance in vet med.? | Mu and Kappa |
| Opioids are classified as mixed agonist/antagonists meaning.. | The drug affects the option receptor in diff. ways |
| What is the naturally derived opiate drug that is used primarily for its pain alleviating properties? | Morphine |
| Having a greater potency than morphine means the drug used to reduce pain... | Can be used at a lower dose |
| Fentanyl | Has a shorter duration of action than morphine |
| Fentanyl transdermal patches.. | Are dosed according to the surface area of the patch |
| Fentanyl patches should be applied over the shoulder area of dogs and cats because.. | There is less chance the animal ingesting it there |
| The ceiling effect of buprenorphine means | It's max analgesic affect is less than morphines max affect |
| Analgesia involves the loss of ____ and anesthesia involves the loss of ____. | Pain; consciousness |
| What is not a commonly encountered effect elicited by dissociatives such as ketamine? | Highly effective reliever of visceral pain |
| What drug stimulates the breathing response? | Doxapram |
| This is the drug for managing seizures long term and its relatively inexpensive while having a good half life | Phenobarbital |
| Barbiturates can results in upregulation of the enzyme responsible for the drugs breakdown. What is it known as? | Induction |
| T/F Potassium bromide has a half life of three weeks. | True |
| Ketamine (Ketaset, Vetalar, Ketalar) | Tranquilizers are used with Ketamine , to enhance muscle relaxation and deepen anesthesia. Oral, ocular, laryngeal reflexes are maintained. Class III |
| Tiletamine (Telazol) | Dissociative agent, injectable, Telazol is a combo of tiletamine and zolazepam. Analgesic and muscle relaxing effects. Class III |
| Phencyclidine (Sernylan) | No longer available, originally a immobilizing agent |
| Opium | Opioid agnostic, used in the treatment for diarrhea, primarily in calves and foals. |
| Morphine sulfate | (Duramorph) opioid agnostic, used to treat severe pain. Class II , this is the standard opioid . |
| Meperidine | Synthetic narcotic, Mu-receptor 1/8 as potent as morphine, used to relieve acute pain, combined w/ a tranquilizer cld be used as an estimated agent, naloxone is the antagonist. |
| Oxymorphone | Synthetic narcotic, Mi-agonistic, 10 x more potent of an analgesic as morphine. Combined w/ tranquilizers to form neuroleptanalgesia; antagonist is naloxone |
| Butorphanol tartrate | Synthetic, it's opioid agonistic activity is exerted on kappa and sigma receptors while its antagonist activity occurs at the Mu receptor. Class IV, shouldn't be used alone as an analgesic agent. |
| Fentanyl | Synthetic, approx. 100x more analgesic properties than morphine, Class II, available in patches to help control chronic pain. |
| Hydrocodone bitartrate | Opioid agnoist used as an antitussive agent in dogs. Class III |
| Etorphine | Opioid w/ 1000x more analgesic properties than morphine. Restricted to only exotic and zoo animal practice. Antagonist is diprenorphine, class II |
| Pentazocine | Approved for pain relief in horses and dogs, class IV |
| Diphenoxylate | Synthetic opioid agonist, combined w/ atropine for use as an anti diarrheal agent. Class V |
| Apomorphine | |
| Methadone | Synthetic opioid, treatment of colic pain in horses, class II |
| Codeine | Used as an antitussive in dogs, Class II when used alone, class V when used in combo products. |
| Carfentanil | Used to induce wildlife anesthesia, 10,000x more potent to morphine, class II |
| Buprenorphine | Partial Mu-anoints/antagonist, potent analgesic that is used in several small animal species. Good results in cats |
| Tramadol | Mu-receptor, agonist, in habits the receptor of the norepinephrine and serotonin |
| Naloxone | Pure opiod antagonist, high affinity for mu-receptors, no agonist activity |
| Nalorphine | Partial antagonist, may produce untoward analgesic and respiratory depressant effects |
| Butorphanol | Mu-⎌antagonistic, primarily as a sedative or analgesic, rarely used as an antagonist. |
| Diazepam | A tranquilizer w/ potent antiseizure properties, administered IV and has 3-4 hour duration of action |
| Pentobarbital | Short acting barbiturate that's effective for controlling seizures, administer IV and has 1-3 hour duration. |
| Phenobarbital | Effective antiseizure drug, available in oral, and injections form, oral is usually to dogs/cats and injection is usually to horses. Class IV |
| Primidone | Metabolized to phenobarbital by the liver, administered orally to dogs/cats, use in cats is controversial. Adverse side effects may include agitation, anxiety, PUPD, dermatitis |
| Phenytoin sodium | Use has declined, may occasionally be used in combo w/ other antiseizure meds. |
| Bromide | Old anticonvulsant, sparked new interest mainly as an adjunct to phenobarbital or primidone. |
| Clorazepate | May be used as an adjunctive w/ other antiseizure agents |
| Felbamate | May be used for complex partial seizures |
| Gabapentin | May be used as an adjunctive treatment of seizures that are difficult to control and for partial complex seizures or pain control. |
| Levetiracetam (Keppra) | May be useful as an adjunctive for refractory canine epilepsy. |
| Zonisamide | Similar to levetriacetam, can be used as an adjunctive for refractory canine epilepsy. |
| Isoflurane | Inhalant anesthetic, colorless liquid w/ pungent odor. Least soluble of the inhalant agents. Very rapid induction and recovery times. Allows a stable heart rhythm and does not decrease cardiac output. Metabolized at a very low rate <0.2% |
| Sevoflurane | Inhalant anesthesic, halogenated ether w/ little odor, good choice for a mask. Very rapid induction and recovery time. Often used in high risk, small-animal patients. Only 3% of sevoflurane is metabolized. |
| Halothane (Fluothane) | Halogenated hydrocarbon, decomposes when exposed to ultraviolet light, so it's paired w/ an antioxidant. It sensitized the heart to the catecholamines, metabolized at 25% |
| Methoxyflurane | Highly soluble in blood and other tissues. Very slow induction and recovery time, most potent, undergoes bio transformation (metabolizes) at 50% |
| Nitrous Oxide | Colorless inorganic gas, gen. anesthesia cannot be w/ just NO ,it's compressed to form a liquid and supplied in blue cylinders, NO is delivered through flowmeter and must ALWAYS be given w/ O2. |
| Propofol | Short acting hypnotic, mechanism of action isn't well understood, could be milky or clear, known as "milk of amnesia" must be refrigerated after opening & discarded after 6 hours, PropoFlo28 / PropoClear contain preservatives so don't need refrigeration. |
| Guaifenesin | Skeletal muscle relaxant, used primarily in equines to induce gen. anesthesia, relatively large amounts are required to induce gen. anesthesia, small increments are given to maintain or extend the effects. |
| Chloral Hydrate | Combo has been used as IV agent to produce anesthesia in large animals. Potential for severe irritation of tissue if administered outside the vein. |
| Doxapram | Activates resp. system by stimulating resp. centers of the medulla. Used in newborns and cardiopulmonary arrest patients. IV or 1-2 drops under the tongue or administered into the umbilical vein of the newborn. |
| Pentylenetetrazol | Generalized stimulant of the CNS has been used to stimulate respiration to hasten recovery from anesthesia |
| Caffine | General CNS stimulant that promotes wakefulness |
| Amphetamines | Potent stimulants of the cerebral cortex |
| Succinylcholine | Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| Decamethonium | Syncurine, Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| D-tubocurarine chloride | Curare, Non depolarizing, Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| Gallamine | Flaxedil, Nondepolarizing, Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| Pancuronium bromide | Pavulon, Nondepolarizing, Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| Vecuronium bromide. | Norcuron, Nondepolarizing, Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| Atracurium | Tracrium, Nondepolarizing, Muscle relaxant, used as an adjunct to general anesthesia, and to facilitate endotracheal intubation. |
| Diazepam | Valium, used for the treatment of fears and phobias, sepearation anxiety, aggression, anxiety-induced stereotypes, urine marking in cats, and appetite stimulation. |
| Alprazolam | Xanax, used for the treatment of fears and phobias, sepearation anxiety, aggression, anxiety-induced stereotypes, urine marking in cats, and appetite stimulation. |
| Lorazepam | Ativan, used for the treatment of fears and phobias, sepearation anxiety, aggression, anxiety-induced stereotypes, urine marking in cats, and appetite stimulation. |
| Buspirone | Used in behavioral pharmacotherapy, possess no muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, or sedative effect. It's antianxiety effect is thought to be caused by blocking serotonin receptors. |
| Amitriptyline | Elavil, Treatment of sepearation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization,mans urine marking. |
| Imipramine | Tofranil, Treatment of sepearation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization,mans urine marking. |
| Clomipramine | Anafranil, Treatment of sepearation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization,mans urine marking. |
| Fluoxetine | (Prozac, Rconcile)Used for a variety of behavioral syndromes, including obsessive disorders, phobias, aggression, and sepearation anxiety. |
| Sertraline | Zoloft, Used for a variety of behavioral syndromes, including obsessive disorders, phobias, aggression, and sepearation anxiety. |
| Paroxetine | Paxil, Used for a variety of behavioral syndromes, including obsessive disorders, phobias, aggression, and sepearation anxiety. |
| Fluvoxamine | Luvox, Used for a variety of behavioral syndromes, including obsessive disorders, phobias, aggression, and sepearation anxiety. |
| Selegiline | Used in the treatment of old dog dementia, and for dogs Cushing's disease. |
| Megastrol acetate | Megace, Used to treat urine spraying/ marking, intermale aggression, and dominance aggression. |
| Medroxyprogesterone | Deposit-Provera, Used to treat urine spraying/ marking, intermale aggression, and dominance aggression. |
| Gabapentin | Used for anxiety or social problems |
| Clorazepate | Is used for anxiety or social phobias, Class IV |
| Methylphenidate | Ritalin, used for hyperactivity in dogs, class II |
| Pentobarbital sodium -sleepaway, fatal plus, | Euthanasia, IV use, class II |
| Phenobarbital sodium- beuthanasia d, euthasol | Euthanasia, IV use, class III, contains rhodamine B so that's why it's different. |
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