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Medical Terminology
Week 4 - Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| oral cavity | contains the lips and cheeks, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and periodontium |
| or/o and stomat/o | meaning mouth |
| granth/o | meaning jaw |
| prognathia | an animal has an elongated mandible, or a mandible that is overshot (aka: sow mouth) |
| brachygnathia | an animal has a shortened mandible, or a mandible that is undershot (aka: parrot mouth) |
| labia | medical term for lips (singular: labium) |
| cheil/o and/ labi/o | meaning lips |
| bucco/o | meaning cheek |
| buccal | pertaining to or directed toward the cheeck |
| palate | forms the roof of the mouth; consists of hard and soft palate |
| hard palate | forms the bony rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane (rugae) |
| rugae | specialized mucous membrane found in the hard palate, as well as stomach |
| rug/o | meaning wrinkle or fold |
| soft palate | forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate; involved in closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so that food does not move into the nostrils |
| palat/o | meaning palate |
| tongue | movable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming and articulating sound |
| papillae | elevations located dorsum of the tongue; highly vascular |
| filiform papillae | thread-like (no taste buds located here) |
| fungiform papillae | mushroom-like (taste buds located here) |
| vallate papillae | cup-shaped (taste buds located here) |
| frenulum | a band of connective tissue that connects the tongue to the ventral surface of the oral cavity |
| gloss/o and lingu/o | meaning tongue |
| lingual cheek | the cheek side that is adjacent to the tongue |
| dent/o, dent/i, odont/o | meaning teeth |
| dentition | refers to the teeth as a whole arranged in maxillary and mandibular arcades |
| deciduous dentition | the primary dentition; the temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced at or near maturity |
| permanent dentition | the set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal |
| retained deciduous tooth | the period in which both deciduous and permanent teeth are present in the mixed dentition; deciduous tooth may need to be extracted |
| incisor (I) | front tooth used for cutting |
| canine (C) | long, pointed, bone-like tooth located between the incisors and premolars (aka: fang or cuspid - means having a tapering projection) |
| premolar (P) | cheek tooth found between the canine teeth and molars (aka: bicuspids b/c they have two points) |
| molar (M) | most caudally located permanent cheek tooth used for grinding |
| dental formula | represents the type of tooth and the number of each tooth type found in that species |
| triadan system | numbering system in which each tooth has a three digit number (first digit represents quadrant, next two digits are individual tooth number) |
| enamel | the hard, white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth |
| cementum | the bone-like connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| dentin | the connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp |
| tooth pulp | consists of nerves, blood vessels and loose connective tissue |
| apical foramen | the hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth |
| periodontia | the structures that support the teeth |
| alveoli | sockets or saclike dilations where the teeth are situated (singular: alveolus) |
| alveolar bone | the thin layer of compact bone that forms the tooth socket; surrounds the roots of the teeth |
| periodontal ligament | the fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus; contains collagen fibers that are anchored to the cementum of the tooth and to the alveolar bone |
| gingiva | the mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the mouth lining (aka: gums) |
| gingiv/o | means gums |
| gingival sulcus | the space that surrounds the tooth; located between the tooth and the gingival margin |
| salivary glands | a group of cells located in the oral cavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes (saliva) |
| saliva | moistens food, begins the digestive process by aiding in bolus formation and some digestive enzyme activity and cleanses the mouth |
| mandibular salivary glands | found near the lower jaw |
| sublingual salivary glands | found under the tongue |
| zygomatic salivary glands | founds medical to the zygomatic arch |
| parotid salivary glands | found near the ear |
| sialaden/o and sial/o | means saliva |
| cheek teeth | premolars and molars |
| needle teeth | deciduous canines and third incisor of pigs |
| wolf teeth | rudimentary premolar 1 in horses |
| milk teeth | first set of teeth |
| tusks | permanent canine teeth of pigs |
| carnassial tooth | large, sheering cheek tooth; upper P4 and lower M1 in dogs; upper PM3 and lower M1 in cats |
| fighting teeth | set of six teeth in llamas that include upper vestigial incisor sand upper and lower canines on each side |
| selenodont | animals with teeth that have crescents on their grinding surfaces (ie. ruminants) |
| lophodont | animals with teeth that have ridged occlusal surfaces (ie. equine) |
| bunodont | animals with teeth that have worn, rounded surfaces (ie. swine) |
| hypsodont | animals with continuously erupting teeth (ie. cheek teeth of ruminants) |
| pleurodont | animals with teeth attached by one side on the inner jaw surface (ie. lizards) |
| brachydont | animals with permanently rooted teeth (ie. carnivores) |
| endodontics | branch of dentistry that involves treatment of diseases that affect the tooth pulp |
| exodontics | branch of dentistry that involves extraction of teeth and related procedures |
| oral surgery | branch of surgery that involves surgical correction of the jaw, gums and inside of the mouth |
| orthodontics | branch of dentistry that involves the guidance and correction of malocclusion |
| periodontics | branch of dentistry that studies and treats the diseases of tooth-supporting structures |
| mastication | chewing to make food easier to swallow; can increase surface area of food particles or ingesta |
| ingesta | the material taken in orally; increase surface area increases the contact between digestive enzymes and the food and may speed up the breakdown of food |
| hypersalivation | excessive production of saliva (aka: ptyalism and hypersialosis) |
| deglutition | the process of swallowing |
| phag/o | means eating or ingestion; food passes from the mouth to the pharynx to the esophagus |
| pharynx | the cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems (aka: throat) |
| pharyng/o | means pharynx |
| esophagus | a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach; located dorsal to the trachea |
| esophag/o | means esophagus |
| sphincter | a ring-like muscle that constricts an opening (where esophagus enters the stomach) |
| abdomen | the cavity located between the diaphragm and the pelvis |
| abdomin/o and celi/o | meaning abdomen (lepar/o - abdomen and flank) |
| peritoneum | the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities and some of the organs in that area |
| parietal peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| visceral peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that covers the abdominal that covers the abdominal organs |
| lesser omentum | a fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to other visceral organs |
| greater omentum | a fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall |
| gastr/o | means stomach |
| monogastric (non-ruminants) | animals that have one true (or glandular) stomach |
| glandular stomach | produces secretions for digestion |
| ruminants | have one true (or glandular stomach) but they also have three forestomachs (rumen, reticulum and omasum); forestomachs are actual outpouchings of the esophagous |
| cardia | entrance area located nearest the esophagus |
| fundus | the base of an organ, which the cranial rounded part |
| body | main portion of an organ, which is the rounded base or bottom (aka: corpus) |
| antrum | caudal part, which is the constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus |
| pylor/o | means the narrow passage between the stomach and duodenum |
| pyloric sphincter | the muscle ring that controls the flow of material from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine |
| rugae | folds present in the mucosa of the stomach; contains glands that produce gastric juices that aid in digestion and the mucus forms a protective coating for the stomach lining |
| ruminants | animals that can regurgitate and remasticate their food; stomach is adapted for fermentation of ingested food by bacterial and protozoam microorganisms. |
| intestinal flora | normal microorganisms residing in the GI tract; produce enzymes that can digest plant cells through fermentation |
| fermentation | aided by regurgitation (return of undigested material from the rumen to the mouth) and remastication (chewing); regurgitation and remastication provide finely chopped material with a greater surface area to the stomach |
| cud | regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid and rumen microorganisms |
| rumen | largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as fermentation vat (aka: paunch); divided into a ventral and dorsal sac; largest compartment in adults |
| reticulum | most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach (aka: honeycomb); lined with a mucous membrane that contains numerous intersecting ridges |
| omasum | third compartment of the ruminant stomach; has short, blunt papillae that grind food before it enters the abomasum; omasal contractions also squeeze fluid out of the food bolus |
| abomasum | fourth component of the ruminant stomach (aka: true stomach); the glandular portion that secretes digestive enzymes; largest component in young animals |
| mesentery | a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall |
| small intestine | where digestion of food and absorption takes place for animals not needing extensive fermentation of their ingested food |
| enter/o | means small intestine |
| gastroenterology | the study of the stomach and small intestine |
| duodenum | proximal or first portion of the small intestine; the segment of the small intestine located nearest the mouth (duoden/i and duoden/o mean duodenum) |
| jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine (jejun/o means jejunum) |
| ileum | distal or last portion of the small intestine (aka: aboral portion); the segment of the small intestine located furthest from the mouth (ile/o means ileum) |
| chyle | a milky fluid that is formed after food is digested in the small intestine; chyle is absorbed through the intestinal wall and travels via the thoracic duct where it is passed into veins |
| large intestine | large bowel that extends from the ileum to the anus; consists of cecum, colon, rectum and anus; cecum and colon provide fermentation in non-ruminant herbivores (ie. rabbits and horses) |
| cecum | a pouch in which food enters from the ileum; development depends on species (cec/o means cecum) |
| colon | continues from the cecum to its termination at the rectum; consists of ascending, transverse and descending portions (arrangement depends on species); (col/o means colon) |
| haustra | sacculations of the cecum and colon of pigs and horses; act as buckets and prolong retention of material so the microbes have more time for digestion |
| teniae | longitudinal smooth muscle bands that form the haustra |
| rectum | the caudal portion of the large intestine (rect/o means rectum) |
| anus | the caudal opening of the GI tract; controlled by two anal sphincter muscles that tighten and relax to allow or control defecation (an/o means anus) |
| anorectal | pertaining to the anus and rectum (proct/o refers to anus and rectum collectively) |
| anal canal | a short terminal portion of the GI tract; contains anal sacs - pouches that are lined with microscopic anal glands that secrete a found-smelling fluid |
| liver | located caudal to the diaphragm (hepat/o means liver); 1. Removes excess glucose from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen 2. Destroys old WBCs and removes toxins from blood 3. Produces blood proteins and stores iron and vitamins A, B12 and D |
| hypoglycemia | a condition that occurs when blood sugar is low; when this occurs, liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it |
| hepatocytes | liver cells |
| sinusoids | channels located in the liver |
| parenchyma | functional elements of a tissue or organ; made up of hepatocytes |
| bile | produced by the liver; travels down the hepatic duct to the cystic duct, which leads to the gallbladder; bile allows for fat digestion |
| emulsification | fat digestion |
| bilirubin | a pigment production from the destruction of hemoglobin that is released by the liver in bile |
| gallbladder | a sac embedded int he liver that stores bile for later use; when bile is needed, liver contracts and forces bite out of cystic duct into the common bile duct (not found in rats or horses) |
| common bile duct | carries bile into the duodenum |
| cyst/o | means cyst, sac of fluid or urinary bladder |
| chol/e | means bile or gall |
| doch/o | means receptacle |
| cholecystic | means pertaining to the gallbladder |
| choledochus | means common bile duct |
| pancreas | an elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum; main pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum close to the common bile duct; pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions |
| pancreat/o | means pancreas |
| exocrine function | involved in the production of pancreatic juices (which are filled with digestive enzymes) |
| trypsin | an enzyme that digests protein |
| lipase | an enzyme that digests fat |
| amylase | an enzyme that digests starch |
| digestion | the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use |
| enzymes | substances that chemically change another substance; digestive enzymes are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods into smaller forms for the body to use |
| metabolism | the process involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| anabolism | the building of body cells and substances |
| catabolism | the breaking down of body cells and substances |
| absorption | the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system |
| nutrient | a substance that is necessary for normal functioning of the body; occurs mainly in the small intestine |
| villi | tiny hair-like projections int he small intestine (singular: villus; vill/i means tuft of hair) |
| crypts | blind sacs in the small intestine; an intestinal crypt is a valley of the intestinal mucous membrane lining the small intestine |
| prehension | grasping of food; involves collecting food in the oral cavity |
| ingesta | the material that is taken in mouth cavity orally |
| mastication | breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the ingesta with saliva (chewing) |
| deglutition | moves chewed ingesta into the pharynx and into the esophagus; epiglottis closes of the entrance into the trachea and allows food to move into the esophagus |
| peristalsis | series of wave-like contractions of smooth muscles; food moves down the esophagus by gravity and peristalsis |
| hydrochloric acid and enzymes: protease, pepsin and lipase | convert food in the stomach to chyme |
| chyme | the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach |
| segmentation | way in which food passes through the small intestine along with peristaltic action |
| assimilation | absorption of digested food in the small intestine |
| defecation | emptying of the bowel; feces are formed after excess water is absorbed by large intestine |
| ballottement | diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid-filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall; used for determination of abdominal contents |
| barium | contrast material used for radiographic studies; barium sulfate is given orally or rectally to evaluate the GI tract for movement |
| enema | introduction of fluid into the rectum |
| biopsy | removal of a tissue to examine |
| incisional biopsy | part of the tissue is removed and examined |
| excisional biopsy | entire tissue is removed and examined |
| blood tests | determination of blood parameters used to detect some diseases of the GI tract |
| preprandial | blood sample taken before eating |
| postprandial | blood sample taken after eating |
| colonoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the colon; endoscope is passed from the rectum through the colon |
| endoscope | a tube-like instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally |
| esophagoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the esophagus; scope is passed from the oral cavity through the esophagus |
| fecal examinations | used to detect parasitic diseases of animals; specialized tests can identify bacteria, isolate viruses or demonstrate abnormal substances present in the stool |
| hemoccult | test for hidden blood in the stool |
| radiography | imaging of internal structures is created by teh exposure of sensitized film to x-rays; x-rays of GI tract demonstration FBs, torsions, organ distension or enlargement, and masses |
| ultrasound | imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves |
| achalsia | inability to relax the smooth muscle of the GI tract |
| adontia | absence of teeth |
| aerophagia | swallowing of air |
| anal sacculitis | inflammation of the anal sacs |
| inspissation | the process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation; used to describe the anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis |
| anorexia | lack or loss of appetite |
| ascariasis | parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| atresia | occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ |
| bloat | accumulation of gas in the digestive tract; monogastric animals: bloat is accumulation of gas in stomach; ruminants: accumulation of gas in the rumen, abomasum or cecum |
| ruminal tympany | gas accumulation in the rumen of ruminants |
| borborygmus | gas movement in the GI tract that produces a rumbling noise |
| bruxism | involuntary grinding of the teeth |
| cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| cirrhosis | degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver |
| colic | several abdominal pain |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon |
| constipation | condition of prolonged GI transit time, make the stools hard, dry and difficult to pass |
| coprophagia | ingestion of fecal material (copr/o means coprophagia) |
| cribbing | vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied and air is inhaled |
| dehydration | condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid |
| dental calculus | abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth (aka: tartar); |
| dental caries | decay and de-calcification of teeth, producing a hole int he tooth |
| diarrhea | abnormal frequency and liquidity of fecal material |
| displaced abomasum | disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach compartment becomes trapped under the rumen (aka: DA); can be defined by L or R depending on location (ie. LDA or RDA) |
| diverticulum | a pouch occurring on the wall of a tubular organ (diverticula: pouches occurring on the wall of a tubular organ) |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ |
| dyschezia | difficulty defecating |
| dysentery | number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain and diarrhea |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing or eating |
| emaciation | marked wasting or excessive leanness |
| emesis | forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth (aka: vomiting) |
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| enterocolitis | inflammation of the small and large intestine |
| epulis | benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes |
| eructation | belching or raising gas orally from the stomach |
| esophageal reflux | return of the stomach contents into the esophagus; called GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) |
| eviscerate | remove or expose internal organs |
| exocrine pancreatic insufficiency | metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes and is associated with weight loss, fatty stools and borborygmus (abbr: EPI) |
| fecalith | stonlike fecal mass (aka: coprolith) |
| flatulence | excessive gas formation in the GI tract |
| gastric dilation | condition usually seen in deep-chested canines in which stomach fills with air and expands; dilation is stretching far beyond normal |
| gastric dilation volvulus | condition usually seen in deep-chested canines in which stomach fills with air, expands and twists on itself (GDV) |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine |
| gingival hyperplasia | overgrowth of gingiva characterized by girm, non-painful swellings associated with gingiva |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| hematochezia | passage of bloody stools |
| hemoperitoneum | blood in the peritoneum |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| hepatoma | tumor of the liver |
| hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the liver |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
| hydrops | abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or a body cavity (aka: dropsy) |
| hyperglycemia | elevated blood sugar levels |
| hypoglycemia | lower-than-normal sugar levels |
| ileitis | inflammation of the ileum |
| ileus | stoppage of intestinal peristalsis |
| impaction | obstruction of an area, usually when feed is too dry |
| incontinence | inability to control (ie. fecal incontinence) |
| inappetence | lack of desire to eat |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal; protrusion seen in the groin |
| intussusception | telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by elevated bilirubin levels (called "icterus" in veterinary medicine) |
| lethargy | condition of drowsiness or indifference |
| malabsorption | impaired uptake of nutrients from the intestine |
| malocclusion | abnormal contact between teeth |
| megacolon | abnormally large colon |
| megaesophagus | abnormally large esophagus |
| melena | black stools containing digested blood; suggests a bleeding problem in the upper GI tract |
| nausea | stomach upset or sensation of urge to vomit |
| obstruction | complete stoppage or impairment of passage |
| oronasal fistula | abnormal opening between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity; may be congenital, traumatic or associated with dental disease |
| palatoschisis | congenital fissure of the roof of the mouth that may involve the upper lip, hard palate and soft palate (aka: cleft palate) |
| perforating ulcer | erosion through the entire thickness of an surface |
| periapical abcess | inflammation of tissues and collection of pus surrounding the apical portion of a tooth due to pulpal disease |
| periodontitis | inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth (aka: periodontal disease) |
| pica | eating and licking abnormal substances or a depraved appetite |
| plaque | small, differentiated area on a body surface; GI system: mixed colony of bacteria, WBCs and salivary products that adhere to the tooth enamel |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst or drinking |
| polyp | small growth on a mucous membrane |
| polyphagia | excessive eating or swallowing |
| prolapse | protrusion of viscera (ie. rectal prolapse) |
| quidding | condition in which food is taken into the mouth and chewed but falls from the mouth |
| regurgitation | return of swallowed food into the oral cavity; a passive event compared with the force involved in vomiting |
| salivary mucocele | collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland or duct and is surrounded by granulation tissue |
| scours | diarrhea in livestock |
| shunt | to bypass or divert |
| portosystemic shunt | blood vessels bypass the liver and the blood is not detoxified properly |
| stenosis | narrowing of an opening |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth |
| tenesmus | painful, ineffective defecation |
| torsion | axial twist; twist around the axis of gut |
| trichobezoar | hairball (trich/o means hair) |
| ulcer | erosion of tissue |
| volvulus | twisting on itself (end-to-end); twist around long axis of mesentary |
| abdominocentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen |
| abomasopexy | surgical fixation of the abomasum of ruminants to the abdominal wall |
| anastomosis | surgical connection between two tubular or hollow structures |
| antidiarrheal | substance that prevents frequency and extremely liquid stool |
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| colectomy | surgical removal of the colon |
| colostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening between the color and the body surface |
| colotomy | surgical excision into the colon |
| crown | restoration of teeth using materials that are cemented into place; used to cap or completely cover a tooth |
| drench | to give medication in liquid form by mouth and forcing the animal to drink |
| emetic | producing vomit |
| antiemetic | a medication that prevents vomiting |
| enterostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening between the small intestine and the abdominal wall |
| esophagoplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus |
| extraction | removal (used to describe surgical removal of a tooth) |
| fistula | abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs |
| rumenostomy | a ruminant that has an artificial opening created between the rumen and the body surface has a rumen fistula |
| perianal fistula | an abnormal passage around the caudal opening of the GI tract |
| float | instrument used to file or rasp an equine's premolar or molar teeth; describes the process of filing equine teeth |
| gastrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the stomach |
| gastroduodenostomy | removal of part of the stomach and duodenum and making a connection between them |
| gastropexy | surgical fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall |
| gastrostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening between the stomach and abdominal wall |
| effluent | discharge and an effluent flow from the stoma created by a -stomy surgery |
| gastrotomy | surgical incision into the stomach |
| gavage | forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into the stomach |
| gingivectomy | surgical removal of the gum tissue |
| hepatotomy | surgical incision into the liver |
| illectomy | surgical removal of the ileum |
| ileostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening between the ileum and abdominal wall |
| laparotomy | surgical incision into the abdomen (lapar/o means abdomen or flank) |
| nasogastric intubation | placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach |
| orogastric intubation | passage of a tube from the mouth to the stomach (aka: stomach tube) |
| palatoplasty | surgical repair of a cleft palate |
| trocarization | insertion of a pointed instrument (trocar) into a body cavity or an organ; usually performed for acute cases of bloat to relieve pressure |
| paracentesis | when trocarization is performed to treat bloat |
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