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Medical Terminology
Week 3 - Skeletal terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| corticol bone (aka: compact bone) | hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone |
| cancellous bone (aka: spongy bone) | lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones |
| epiphysis | wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone |
| physis (aka: growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage) | cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone |
| metaphysis | wider part of the long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis (in adult animals it is considered part of the physis) |
| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone |
| endosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity |
| long bones | bones consisting of shaft, two ends and a marrow cavity (ie. femur) |
| short bones | cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (ie. carpal bones) |
| flat bones | thin, flat bones (ie. pelvis) |
| pneumatic bones | sinus-containing bones (ie. frontal bone) |
| irregular bones | unpaired bones (ie. vertebrae) |
| sesamoid bones | small bones embedded in a tendon (ie. patella); the only exception is the distal sesamoid of the horse |
| ossification | the formation of bone from fibrous tissue that continues until maturity (varies in species) |
| osteoblasts | immature bone cells that produce bony tissue |
| osteoclasts | phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of bone |
| hematopoietic | the formation of RBCs by red bone marrow |
| medullar cavity | inner space of bone that contains yellow bone marrow (replaces RBM in adult animals); YBM is composed maintly of fat cells and serves as fat storage |
| cartilage | a form of elastic tissue that is more elastic than bone; it is useful in more flexible portions of the skeleton |
| articular cartilage | a specific type of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bones |
| meniscus | the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (ie. canine stifle) that cushions forces applied to the joint |
| chondr/o | combining form for cartilage |
| -malacia | abnormal softening of bone |
| -Sclerosis | abnormal hardening of bone |
| joints/articulations (arthr/o) | connections between bones |
| synarthroses | classification of bone that allows for no movement; usually united by fibrous tissue (ie: suture) |
| suture | - jagged line where bones joint and form a non-movable joint; typically found in the skull |
| fontanelle | a soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth |
| amphiarthroses | classification of bone that allows for slight movement (ie. symphysis) |
| symphysis (aka: cartilaginous joint) | a joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone |
| mandibular symphysis | when the mandible halves fuse at a symphysis that forms one bone |
| pubic symphysis | when the halves of the pelvis fuse at a symphysis |
| diarthroses | classification of bone that allows for free movement (ie. synovial joints) |
| synovial joints | further classified as ball-and-socket joints, arthrodial/condyloid joints, trochoid or pivot joints, ginglymus or hinge joints and gliding joints |
| ball-and-socket joints | allow for a wide range of motion in many directions (ie. hip and shoulder joints) |
| arthrodial / condyloid joints | joints with oval projections that fit into a socket (ie. carpal joints) |
| trochoid joints | pulley-shaped joints (ie. connection between the atlas to the axis) |
| hinge joints | allow motion in one plane or direction (ie. canine stifle or elbow joints) |
| gliding joints | move or glide over each other (ie. radioulnar joint or articulating process between successive vertebrae) |
| saddle joint | an additional joint found in primates; located in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction of the thumb) |
| ligament | a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone |
| tendon (ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o) | a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| bursa (burs/o) | a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction (ie. bursa located in shoulder where tendon passes over bone); plural: bursae |
| synovial membrane (synovi/o) | secretes synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth; found in both bursae and synovial joints |
| axial skeleton | the framework of the bone that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum |
| appendicular skeleton | the framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdle |
| cranium (crani/o) | the portion of the skull that encloses the brain |
| frontal bone | cranium bone that forms the roof of the cranial cavity of "front" or cranial portion of the skull (in some species - the horn or cornual process arises from this bone) |
| parietal bone | paired cranium bones that form the roof of teh caudal cranial cavity |
| occipital bone | cranium bone that forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum (large opening for the spinal cord tissue) is located |
| temporal bone | paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium |
| sphenoid bone | paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket |
| ethmoid bone | forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity |
| incisive bone | forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares |
| pterygoid bone | forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx |
| sinuses | air or fluid-filled spaces in the skull |
| brachycephalic | dogs have short, wide heads (ie. pugs) |
| dolichocephalic | dogs have narrow, long heads (ie. greyhounds) |
| mesocephalic (aka: mesaticephalic) | dogs have average width to their heads (ie. labs) |
| zygomatic | projections from the temporal and frontal bones to form the cheekbone |
| maxilla | forms the upper jaw |
| mandible | forms the lower jaw |
| palatine | forms part of the hard palate |
| lacrimal | forms the medial part of the orbit |
| incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares |
| nasal | forms the bridge of the nose |
| vomer | forms the base of the nasal septum |
| nasal septum | the cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities |
| hyoid | bone suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx |
| vertebral column (aka: spinal column or backbone) | supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord; consists of vertebra |
| vertebra (spondyl/o and vertebr/o) (singular) | individual bones that reside in the vertebral column |
| vertebrae | more than one vertebra bone; divided into body, arch and lamina |
| body | the solid portion ventral to the spinal cord |
| arch | the dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord |
| lamina | the left or right dorsal half of the arch |
| processes | projections from the vertebrae |
| spinous processes | a single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch |
| transverse processes | project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch |
| articular processes | paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch |
| foramen | means opening |
| vertebral foramen | the opening of the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes |
| intervertebral discs | cartilaginous discs that separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other |
| altas (aka: C1) | cervical vertebra one |
| axis (aka: C2) | cervical vertebra two |
| ribs (cost/o) | paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae; ribs are also known as costals |
| sternum | breastbone; forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage; divided into 3 parts: manubrium, body and xiphoid process |
| manubrium | the cranial portion of the sternum |
| body | the middle portion of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | the caudal portion of the sternum |
| thoracic cavity (aka: rib cage) | protects the heart and lungs; made up of ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae |
| scapula (shoulder blade) | a large triangular bone on the side of the thorax |
| clavicle (collar bone) | a slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula |
| vestigial or rudimentary clavicle | only present in some animal species (not swine, ruminant or equine) |
| humerus (brachium) | the long bone of the proximal front limb |
| antebrachium | the two bones of the forearm or distal front limb: radius and ulna |
| radius | the cranial bone of the front limb (smaller) |
| ulna | the caudal bone of the front limb (larger) |
| olecranon | proximal projection on the ulna that forms the point of the elbow (some species have a fused radius and ulna) |
| carpal bones | irregularly shaped bones in the area known as the wrist in humans |
| metacarpals | bones found distal to the carpus (numbered medial to lateral) |
| splint bones | in horses, metacarpals/tarsals II and IV do not articulate with the phalanges are commonly called splint bones |
| interosseous ligament | attaches splint bones to the large third metacarpal/tarsal bone |
| cannon bone | the large third metacarpal/tarsal bone |
| phalanges | the bones of the digits (numbered proximal to distal) |
| phalanx | one bone of the digit |
| digits | bones analogous to the human finger and vary in number in animals |
| dewclaw | digit I of dogs/cats |
| ungulates | animals with hooves, digits are number in same fashion |
| fetlock joint | the joint between metacarpal/tarsal III and the digit |
| pastern joint | joint between P1 and P2 |
| coffin joint | joint between P2 and P3 |
| long pastern bone | P1 phalangeal bone |
| short pastern bone | P2 phalangeal bone |
| coffin bone | P3 phalangeal bone |
| claw (onych/o) | Phalanx 3 in non-hooved animals |
| declaw (onychectomy) | surgical procedure to remove the claws in cats |
| sesamoid bones | small nodular bones embedded in a tendon or joint capsule; multiple sesamoid bones in animals |
| navicular bone | common name for sesamoid bone in horses; located inside the hoof on the palmar or plantar surface of P3 |
| pelvis (hip) | consists of 3 pairs of bones: ilium, ischium and pubis |
| ilium | the largest pair of bones that is blade-shaped; articulates with the sacrum to form the "sacroiliac joint" |
| ischium | the caudal pair of bones |
| pubis | the ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by a cartilaginous joint called the "pubic symphysis" |
| acetabulum | the large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the three bones meet; forms the ball-and-socket joint with the femur |
| femur (thigh bone) | the proximal long bone of the rear leg; head of femur articulates with the acetabulum |
| femoral head | head of the femus; connected to a narrow areas called the "femoral neck" |
| trochanters | large, flat, broad projections on the femur |
| condyles | rounded projections on the femur |
| patella | a large sesamoid bone in the rear limb (humans: patella is the "kneecap" and joint is the "knee") |
| stifle joint (should not be referred to as "knee") | the joint that houses the patella |
| popliteal | located on the caudal surface of the stifle; a sesamoid bone in the rear limb of some animals |
| tibia | the large and more weight-bearing distal long bone of the rear limb |
| fibula | the long, slender distal bone of the rear limb |
| crus | the area of the rear limb between the stifle and hock |
| tarsus (hock) | the ankle joint of animals |
| talus | one of the tarsal bones that is the shorter, medial tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones |
| calcaneus | the long, lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones |
| metatarsals | bones found distal to the tarsus |
| aperture | opening |
| canal | tunnel |
| condyle | rounded projection (that articulates with another bone) |
| crest | high projection or border projection |
| crista | ridge |
| dens | toothlike structure |
| eminence | surface projection |
| facet | smooth area |
| foramen | hole |
| fossa | trench or hollow depressed area |
| fovea | small pit |
| head | major protrusion |
| lamina | thin, flat plate |
| line | low projection or ridge |
| malleolus | rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula) |
| meatus | passage or opening |
| process | projection |
| protuberance | projecting part |
| ramus | branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure |
| sinus | space or cavity |
| spine | sharp projection |
| sulcus | groove |
| suture | seam |
| trochanter | broad, flat projection (on femur) |
| trochlea | pulley-shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate |
| tubercle | small, rounded surface projection |
| tuberosity | projecting part |
| arthocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis |
| arthrography | injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope |
| radiology | study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation; used to detect fractures and diseases of the bones |
| ankylosis | loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury or surgery |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints |
| arthrodynia | joint pain |
| arthropathy | joint disease |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursa |
| chondromalacia | abnormal cartilage softening |
| discospondylitis | inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebae |
| exostosis | benign growth on the bone surface |
| gouty arthritis (gout) | joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint (more commonly seen in birds) |
| hip dysplasia | abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum to be not aligned properly; most commonly seen in large breed dogs |
| intervertebral disc disease (aka: herniated disc, ruptured disc or IVDD) | rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal core or spinal nerve roots |
| kyphosis ("hunchback") | dorsal curvature of the spine |
| Legg-Calve-Perthes disease | idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs; aka: avascular necrosis of the femoral head and neck |
| lordosis ("swayback") | position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally; seen commonly in cats that are in heat |
| luxation | dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| myeloma | tumor composed of cells derived from the hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow |
| ostealgia | bone pain |
| osteitis | inflammation of bone |
| osteoarthritis (aka: degenerative joint disease, DJD) | degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on the joints |
| osteochondrosis | degeneration and necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification |
| osteochondrosis dissecans | degenration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification with dissecting flap of articular cartilage and some inflammatory joint changes; detached pieces of articular cartilage are called "joint mice" or "osteophytes" |
| osteomalacia | abnormal softening of bone |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| osteonecrosis | death of bone tissue |
| osteoporosis | abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity |
| osteosclerosis | abnormal hardening of bone |
| periostitis | inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| rheumatoid arthritis | auto-immune disorder of the connective tissues and joints |
| sequestrum | piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached form the adjacent healthy bone |
| spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae |
| spondylosis | any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae |
| spondylosis deformans | chronic degeneration of the articular processes and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae |
| subluxation | partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints |
| avulsion fracture | broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a foreful pull |
| callus | bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone |
| closed fracture (simple fx) | broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin |
| comminuted fracture | broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces |
| compression fracture | broken bone as a result of when the bones are pressed together |
| crepitation | cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together |
| fracture | broken bone |
| greenstick fracture (incomplete fx) | bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent |
| immobilization | act of holding, suturing or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast |
| manipulation (reduction) | attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or dislocation |
| oblique fracture | broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis |
| open fracture (compound fx) | broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin |
| physeal fracture | broken bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate; these fx's are further categorized as Salter-Harris I-V fractures |
| spiral fracture | broken bone in which the bone is twisted or spiraled apart |
| transverse fracture | broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone |
| amputation | removal of all or part of a body part |
| arthrodesis | fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means |
| chemonucleolysis | process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign object |
| craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| laminectomy | surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebra |
| onychemtomy | surgical removal of a claw |
| ostectomy | surgical removal of bone |
| osteocentesis | surgical puncture of a bone |
| osteodesis | fusion of bones |
| osteopexy | surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall |
| osteoplasty | surgical repair of bone |
| osteostomy | surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone |
| osteotomy | surgical incision or sectioning of bone |
| trephination | process of cutting a hole into a bone using a "trephine" (circular sawlike instrument used to remove bone and tissue) |
Created by:
mlmertens91
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