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Nerves of Steel
Veterinary Medical Terminology Chapter 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| parasympathetic nervous system | returns body to normal after stressful response; maintains normal body function |
| sympathetic nervous system | provides emergency and stress response; fight or flight |
| autonomic nervous system | ANS, part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| obtunded | depressed |
| lethargy | drowsiness, indifference, and listlessness |
| stupor | impaired consciousness with unresponsiveness to stimuli |
| homeostasis | process of maintaining a stable internal body environment |
| home/o | unchanging |
| PLR | pupillary light reflex; response of pupil to a bright light source |
| ataxia | without coordination; stumbling |
| cervical vertebral malformation | wobbler's syndrome; abnormal formation or instability of the caudal cervical vertebrae that causes ataxia and incoordination |
| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower body in bipeds or of the hindlimbs in quadrupeds |
| paraparesis | weakness of the lower body in bipeds or of hindlimbs in quadrupeds |
| neuralgia | nerve pain |
| monoplegia | paralysis of one limb |
| paresthesia | abnormal sensation; tingling, numbness. or burning and may be difficult to assess in animals |
| caus/o and caust/o | burning |
| poli/o | gray |
| coonhound paralysis | inflammation of many peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots that may lead to progressive paralysis |
| roaring | noisy respiration caused by air passing through a narrowed larynx in horses; equine laryngeal hemiplegia |
| grand mal seizure | most common type of seizure seen;the animal experiences loss of consciousness and muscle contractions |
| ipsilateral | on the same side |
| contralateral | means on the opposite side |
| ipsi- | same |
| opposite | |
| preictal | period before a seizure; animal may pace, excessively lick, fly bite, or seem anxious during this stage |
| ictus | attack or actual seizure |
| postictal | period after a seizure. |
| syncope | fainting |
| tetraplegia | paralysis of all four limbs |
| nystagmus | involuntary, rhythmic movement of the eye |
| analgesia | without pain |
| endorphins | natural, opioid-like chemicals that are produced in the brain and raise the pain threshold. |
| anesthesia | absence of sensation |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| concuss/o | shaken together |
| idio- | individual |
| -esthesia | sensation or feeling |
| narc/o | stupor |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| -paresis | weakness |
| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow |
| spinal cord | caudal continuation of the medulla oblongata |
| foramen magnum | an opening in the occipital bone where the spinal cord passes through |
| magnum | great |
| cerebellum | second largest part of the brain; coordinates muscle activity for smooth movement |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| medulla oblongata | cranial continuation of the spinal cord that controls basic life functions |
| sulc/o | groove |
| gyr/o | folding |
| convolut/o | coiled |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for receiving and processing stimuli, initiating voluntary movement, and storing information |
| brain | main site of nervous control; enlarged and highly developed portion f the CNS that lies in the skull |
| crani/o | skull |
| encephal/o | brain |
| clear, colorless ultrafiltrate that nourished, cools, and cushions the CNS | |
| meninges | the three layers of connective tissue that the brain and spinal cord are encased in |
| dura mater | thick, tough, outermost layer of the meninges |
| dura | tough |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| pachy- | thick |
| arachnoid membrane | second layer of the meninges; loosely attached to the other layers of the meninges to allow space between the layers. |
| pia mater | third and deepest layer of the meninges; soft with a rich supply of blood vessels and adheres to the CNS |
| leptomeninges | pia mater and arachnoid membranes together |
| lept/o | thin |
| arachn/o | spider |
| crani/o | skull |
| epidural | located above or superficial to the dura mater |
| plexus | network of intersecting nerves or vessels |
| plex/o | plexus or network |
| innervation | supply or stimulation of a body part through the action of nerves |
| receptors | sensory organs that receive external stimulation and transmit that information the the sensory neurons |
| nociceptive | a type of receptor that is a pain receptor |
| proprioceptive | a type of receptor that is a spatial orientation or perception of movement receptor |
| stimulus | something that excites or activates |
| impulse | wave of excitation transmitted through nervous tissue |
| reflex | automatic, involuntary response to change |
| neur/i and neur/o | nerve or nerve tissue |
| dendr/o | dendrite |
| ax/o | axis or main stem |
| synaps/o and synapt/o | the space or point of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor |
| synapse | junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor |
| neurotransmitter | the chemical substance that is released at the synapse that allows the signal to move from one neuron to another |
| dendrites | root like structures that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body |
| gli/o | glue |
| astr/o | star |
| oligo- | few |
| dendr/o | branching |
| -cyte | cell |
| myelin | protective covering over some nerve cells, including parts of the spinal cord, white matter of the brain, and most peripheral nerves; serves as an electrical insulator |
| white matter | myelin nerves |
| gray matter | nonmyelinated fibers; composed of cell bodies, branching dendrites, and neuroglia |
| nodes of Ranvier | the interruptions at regular intervals along the length of a fiber |
| axon | single process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the cell body |
| dendrites | rootlike structures that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body |
| soma | cell body |
| motor neurons | nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS and toward the muscles and glands |
| associative neurons | nerves that carry impulses from one neuron to another |
| sensory neurons | nerves that carry sensory impulses toward the CNS |
| central nervous system | portion of the nervous sytem that consists of the brain and spinal cord; CNS |
| peripheral nervous system | portion of the nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, and ganglia; PNS |
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