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Chapter 23
The Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ___ digests food, breaks down into smaller fragments through lining of the blood | alimentary canal |
| the pharynx functions in __ in the digestive system | swallowing |
| what parts of the alimentary canal is involved in peristalsis? | esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine |
| everything in the GI tract is composed of simple columnar tissue except for ___ which is composed of what type of tissue? | mouth, esophagus, anus - stratified squamous |
| the __ produce a variety of secretions that helps you break down food | accessory organs |
| the accessory organs include: | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, pancreas, liver & salivary glands |
| processes of the digestive system. | ingestion. propulsion. mechanical breakdown. digestion. absorption. defecation. |
| food moving through the GI tract is known as: | propulsion |
| propulsion includes... | peristalsis & swallowing |
| what 3 things happen in mechanical breakdown? | segmentation, mixing & churning |
| the passage of digested end products (water, vitamins, minerals) from GI tract to blood/lymph is called... | absorption |
| __ is the only part of the digestive process done by the large intestine... | defecation |
| innermost layer of the alimentary wall | mucosa |
| what is the outermost layer of the alimentary wall | serosa |
| this layer functions in nourishment | submucosa |
| this layer increases the surface area and is known for absorption, protection and it secretes mucous. | mucosa |
| the mucosa is made up of what kind of tissue? | epithelium. lamina propia & muscularis mucosa |
| the lamina propia is known for.... | absorption |
| the epithelium tissue in the mucosa... | eases food passages |
| this alimentary layer has a circular & longitudinal layer.. | muscularis externa |
| parasympathetic has an impulse on the alimentary canal by.... | activates peristalsis, stimulates salivation & gastric secretions |
| which ANS system stimulates dehydration, thickens saliva, and decreases rate of stomach emptying? | sympathetic |
| the palatine muscles... | monitor for bacteria & can activate immune response |
| what enzyme begins digestion in the mouth? | amylase |
| the tongue mixes food with saliva forming it into a compact mass called | bolus |
| the temporary storage tank where chemical proteins & food is converted to chyme is known as... | the stomach |
| the __ controls the stomach emptying | pyloric sphincter |
| the stomach is responsible for... | mechanical breakdown, digestion (mostly protein), & secretes intrinsic factor |
| intrinsic factor is required for... | absorption of b12 |
| the stomach has 3 layers instead of 2 because.... | it helps food get broken down into smaller fragments ramming it into the small intestine |
| the surface epithelium cells... | secrete protective mucous |
| this type of cell secretes HCl & intrinsic factor which makes the stomach extremely acidic.... | parietal cells |
| the mucous neck cell function is... | unknown |
| this type of cell secrets pepsinogen & lipases... | chief cells |
| the enterendocrine cells secretes... | chemical messengers like histamine, gastrin, somatsin, and serotine |
| stimulatory events for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion consists of ... | sight & thought of food and stimulation of taste & smell receptors |
| the inhibitory events for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion consist of... | loss of appetite and depression |
| excesive acidity would be a ___ event of the ___ phase of gastric secretion | inhibitory - gastric |
| rising pH activates chemo-receptors & activation of stretch receptors results in what part of the gastric secretion? | stimulatory event - gastric phase |
| the stomach starts to stretch and empty into the duodenum in what phase... | stimulatory event - intestinal |
| what happens in the inhibitory event of the intestinal phase? | presence of fatty acids or chyme - irritant in duodenum |
| hepatocytes store glucose & glycogen and use amino acids to make... | plasma proteins |
| bilrubin... | gives bile its yellow color -comes from hemoglobin |
| bile helps remove ___ | cholesterol |
| function of the gallbladder | stores bile that's not needed immediately |
| the ___drains bile into duodenum via common bile duct – helps with fat absorption | gallbladder |
| ___ emulsify fats within small intestine - makes more digestible | bile salts |
| this organ produces enzymes to break food. | pancreas |
| this stimulates gallbladder contraction & stimulates release o pancreatic enzymes | CCK |
| CCK is released in response to... | fats & proteins in chyme |
| ___ stimulates secretion of bicarbonate acid | secretin |
| secretin inhibits... | gastrin & gastric acid secretion |
| ___stimulates liver cells to secret bile | secretin |
| proteases | breaks proteins into amino acid |
| amylases | breaks down carbohydrates |
| nucleases | breaks down nucleic acids |
| lipases | breaks down fats |
| why are proteases activated in duodenum? | protects pancreas from digesting itself |
| most digestion & absorption is done here... | small intestine |
| the most common notion of the small intestine is... | segmentation |
| 3 division of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| in the small intestine, most digestion occurs here. | duodenum |
| what division does most absorption occur in the small intestine? | jejunum & ileum |
| structures that increase the surface area of the small intestine. | circular folds, villi and microvilli |
| folds of the mucosa | circular folds |
| folds of the plasma membrane | microvilli |
| folds of the epithelium | villi |
| this structure forces chyme through lumen slowing movement allowing time for nutrient absorption | circular folds |
| the finger-like projections, the blood network here... | villi |
| this include the brush-border enzymes that completes digestions of the carbohydrates & proteins... | microvilli |
| the large intestine functions in.... | producing vitamins, stores feces & completing digestion and absorption |
| what happens in the small intestine after a meal? | segmentation - slow rate of peristalsis |
| what happens in between meals in the small intestine during the migrating motor complex? | peristalsis sweeps contents towards large intestine - waves initiated every 90-120 min |
| digestion of carbohydrates begins in ... | the mouth |
| constipation is caused by... | insufficient fiber intake |
| the condition that rushes food residue into the large intestine is callesd | diarrhea |
| the first movement of the large intestine known as haustral conrtractions occurs... | every 30 min - slow segmenting movements |
| during mass movements..what occurs? | mass peristalsis, low-slow contractile waves |
| mass movements occur ___ | during or just after eating , happens 3-4 times a day |
Created by:
Mariahj25
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