The Digestive System
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| the ___ digests food, breaks down into smaller fragments through lining of the blood | alimentary canal
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| the pharynx functions in __ in the digestive system | swallowing
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| what parts of the alimentary canal is involved in peristalsis? | esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine
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| everything in the GI tract is composed of simple columnar tissue except for ___ which is composed of what type of tissue? | mouth, esophagus, anus - stratified squamous
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| the __ produce a variety of secretions that helps you break down food | accessory organs
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| the accessory organs include: | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, pancreas, liver & salivary glands
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| processes of the digestive system. | ingestion. propulsion. mechanical breakdown. digestion. absorption. defecation.
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| food moving through the GI tract is known as: | propulsion
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| propulsion includes... | peristalsis & swallowing
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| what 3 things happen in mechanical breakdown? | segmentation, mixing & churning
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| the passage of digested end products (water, vitamins, minerals) from GI tract to blood/lymph is called... | absorption
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| __ is the only part of the digestive process done by the large intestine... | defecation
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| innermost layer of the alimentary wall | mucosa
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| what is the outermost layer of the alimentary wall | serosa
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| this layer functions in nourishment | submucosa
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| this layer increases the surface area and is known for absorption, protection and it secretes mucous. | mucosa
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| the mucosa is made up of what kind of tissue? | epithelium. lamina propia & muscularis mucosa
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| the lamina propia is known for.... | absorption
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| the epithelium tissue in the mucosa... | eases food passages
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| this alimentary layer has a circular & longitudinal layer.. | muscularis externa
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| parasympathetic has an impulse on the alimentary canal by.... | activates peristalsis, stimulates salivation & gastric secretions
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| which ANS system stimulates dehydration, thickens saliva, and decreases rate of stomach emptying? | sympathetic
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| the palatine muscles... | monitor for bacteria & can activate immune response
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| what enzyme begins digestion in the mouth? | amylase
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| the tongue mixes food with saliva forming it into a compact mass called | bolus
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| the temporary storage tank where chemical proteins & food is converted to chyme is known as... | the stomach
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| the __ controls the stomach emptying | pyloric sphincter
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| the stomach is responsible for... | mechanical breakdown, digestion (mostly protein), & secretes intrinsic factor
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| intrinsic factor is required for... | absorption of b12
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| the stomach has 3 layers instead of 2 because.... | it helps food get broken down into smaller fragments ramming it into the small intestine
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| the surface epithelium cells... | secrete protective mucous
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| this type of cell secretes HCl & intrinsic factor which makes the stomach extremely acidic.... | parietal cells
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| the mucous neck cell function is... | unknown
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| this type of cell secrets pepsinogen & lipases... | chief cells
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| the enterendocrine cells secretes... | chemical messengers like histamine, gastrin, somatsin, and serotine
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| stimulatory events for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion consists of ... | sight & thought of food and stimulation of taste & smell receptors
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| the inhibitory events for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion consist of... | loss of appetite and depression
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| excesive acidity would be a ___ event of the ___ phase of gastric secretion | inhibitory - gastric
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| rising pH activates chemo-receptors & activation of stretch receptors results in what part of the gastric secretion? | stimulatory event - gastric phase
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| the stomach starts to stretch and empty into the duodenum in what phase... | stimulatory event - intestinal
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| what happens in the inhibitory event of the intestinal phase? | presence of fatty acids or chyme - irritant in duodenum
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| hepatocytes store glucose & glycogen and use amino acids to make... | plasma proteins
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| bilrubin... | gives bile its yellow color -comes from hemoglobin
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| bile helps remove ___ | cholesterol
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| function of the gallbladder | stores bile that's not needed immediately
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| the ___drains bile into duodenum via common bile duct – helps with fat absorption | gallbladder
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| ___ emulsify fats within small intestine - makes more digestible | bile salts
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| this organ produces enzymes to break food. | pancreas
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| this stimulates gallbladder contraction & stimulates release o pancreatic enzymes | CCK
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| CCK is released in response to... | fats & proteins in chyme
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| ___ stimulates secretion of bicarbonate acid | secretin
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| secretin inhibits... | gastrin & gastric acid secretion
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| ___stimulates liver cells to secret bile | secretin
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| proteases | breaks proteins into amino acid
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| amylases | breaks down carbohydrates
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| nucleases | breaks down nucleic acids
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| lipases | breaks down fats
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| why are proteases activated in duodenum? | protects pancreas from digesting itself
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| most digestion & absorption is done here... | small intestine
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| the most common notion of the small intestine is... | segmentation
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| 3 division of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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| in the small intestine, most digestion occurs here. | duodenum
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| what division does most absorption occur in the small intestine? | jejunum & ileum
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| structures that increase the surface area of the small intestine. | circular folds, villi and microvilli
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| folds of the mucosa | circular folds
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| folds of the plasma membrane | microvilli
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| folds of the epithelium | villi
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| this structure forces chyme through lumen slowing movement allowing time for nutrient absorption | circular folds
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| the finger-like projections, the blood network here... | villi
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| this include the brush-border enzymes that completes digestions of the carbohydrates & proteins... | microvilli
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| the large intestine functions in.... | producing vitamins, stores feces & completing digestion and absorption
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| what happens in the small intestine after a meal? | segmentation - slow rate of peristalsis
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| what happens in between meals in the small intestine during the migrating motor complex? | peristalsis sweeps contents towards large intestine - waves initiated every 90-120 min
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| digestion of carbohydrates begins in ... | the mouth
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| constipation is caused by... | insufficient fiber intake
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| the condition that rushes food residue into the large intestine is callesd | diarrhea
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| the first movement of the large intestine known as haustral conrtractions occurs... | every 30 min - slow segmenting movements
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| during mass movements..what occurs? | mass peristalsis, low-slow contractile waves
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| mass movements occur ___ | during or just after eating , happens 3-4 times a day
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