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VTT A&P
Digestive tract & lyphatic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the digestive system? | Prehension, mastication, chemical digestion, absorption, elimination |
| What is prehension? | the grasping of food with the lips or teeth |
| What is mastication? | mechanical grinding and breaking down of food ( chewing) |
| What are the layers of the digestive tract? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer (circular and longitudinal outside the submucosa), serosa |
| What is the mucosa? What is it made of? | lining of the GI tract, epithelium and loose connective tissue |
| What is the submucosa made up of? | dense connective tissue, it may contain glands |
| What is the serosa and what is it made up of? | The outermost layer, made of thin, tough connective tissue |
| What is the mesentery? | Clear membrane sheets that suspend the intestines from the dorsal wall of the abdomen |
| What are the functions of the mesentery? | It prevents intestine entanglement, contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves that supply the GI tract, and helps control infection |
| What is volvulus? | When the blood supply is cut off from the intestine due to a torsion |
| What is the omentum? | part of the mesentery which helps prevent torsion |
| Where is the omentum? | Attached at the greater curvature of the stomach (greater omentum) or at the lesser curvature of the stomach (lesser omentum) |
| What type of cells line the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anus? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| What type of cells line from the junction of the esophagus & stomach through the intestines to the junction of the rectum and anus? | Simple columnar epithelium |
| What part of the GI tract is made up of skeletal muscle? What kind of control is this under? | Mouth, pharynx, and the cranial part of the esophagus, as well as the external anal sphincter |
| What part of the GI tract is made up of smooth muscle? | wall of the majority of the esophagus, the stomach,small intestine, large intestine, internal anal sphincter |
| How is the smooth muscle of the gi tract arranges?? | In circular and longitudinal bands |
| What is peristalsis? | Alternating contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles which move food along the GI tract |
| What is included in the buccal cavity? | Lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, the hard and soft palate, and oropharynx |
| What is the function of the salivary glands? | produce saliva |
| Name the 3 pairs od salivary glands | Parotid, mandibular, sublingual |
| Where are the parotid glands located? | ventral to the ear canal |
| What are the functions of the oral cavity? | prehend the food, initiate mastication, initiate chemical digestion, prepare food for swallowing |
| What enzymes can be found in the saliva? | Amylase ( breaks down Amylose), Lipase (digests lipids and may be found in the saliva of young animals while they are nursing |
| What controls most of the glands in the digestive system? | Autonomic nervous system |
| What effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the digestive system? | increases salivation and GI motility |
| What effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the digestive system? | decreases salivation and GI motility |
| What is the esophagus? | muscular tube that goes from the pharynx to the cardia of the stomach |
| What is the esophagus made of? | smooth muscle |
| Why is gastric reflux so dangerous/ | the esophagus has very poor blood supply and does not heal well |
| What protects the muscles of the esophagus? | tough connective tissue or thick mucosa |
| What is megaesophagus? | A dilation of the esophagus |
| What causes megaesophagus? | a vascular ring anomaly or an unknown cause, can be secondary to systemic disease such as in the case of mysthenia gravis |
| What is the primary sign of megaesophagus? | Regurgitation |
| What is the difference between vomiting and regurgitation? | Vomiting is an active process which includes heaving. regurgitation is not active a.k.a scarf and barf, |
| What are the functions of the stomach? | break up food, short term storage of food, dietary protein is broken down in the stomach |
| When the stomach is empty and the vagus nerve is inappropriately stimulated, what happens? | the stomach begins to digest its own lining |
| What is gastric chyme? | Food that has been liquefied by the stomach |
| What are th 5 different areas of the monogastric stomach? | Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloris |
| What structures contained in the fundus and body of the stomach? | gastric glands |
| What cells do the gastric glands contain? | Parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells |
| What do parietal cells produce? | Hydrochloric acid |
| What do chief cells produce? | the enzyme pepsinogen |
| What do the mucous cells produce? | protective mucous |
| What is the function of the pyloric antrum | grinds up swallowed food, regulates hydrochloric acid |
| Glands in the pyloric antrum contain what? | G cells |
| What do G cells secrete? | Gastrin (stimulates HCL production) |
| What is the pylorus? | A muscular sphincter where the stomach meets the duodenum |
| What is the function of the pylorus? | It regulates the movement of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum and prevents back flow of duodenal contents into the stomach |
| What is enterogastric reflex | distension of the intestines or increased acidity in the duodenum inhibits stomach contraction |
| Where is secretin released? in response to what? | duodenum, in response to excess stomach acid in the small intestine |
| Secretin can cause what? | fundus to relax, can inhibit peristalsis of the stomach body and pyloric, slows gastric emptying time |
| Cholecystokinin is released in response to what? | large amounts of fats or proteins in the duodenum whcich decreases contraction of the antrum, body, and fundus |
| What do prostaglandins do in the GI tract? | inhibit gastrin release, stimulate the gastric glands to produce the bicarbonate ion, enhance blood flow to the stomach, stabilize lysosomes within gastric cells, regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells |
| What is gastritis? | inflammation and muccosal damage usually related to dietary indiscretion, internal parasites, toxicity |
| What is pyloric stenosis? | hypertrophy of circular smooth muscle fibers of the pyloric sphincter. causing obstructive narrowing and back up of ingesta in the stomach |
| What are the 5 pancreatic proteases | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase |
| What is emulsification? | Agitation of the pyloric Antrum, of stomach breaks fat globules (triglycerides) into small droplets |
| What are micelles? | lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions. |
| How does parvovirus affect the GI tract? | it invades and wipes out the simple columnar tissue which exposes blood vessels causing blood diarrhea. in response the intestines become inflamed |
| What is intussusception? | The telescoping of the proximal intestine into the distal intestine |
| What causes intususpeption? | hyper motility, parasites, enteritis, or a sudden diameter change |
| What is the function of the large intestine? | to recover fluid and electrolytes and store waste until it can be appropriately eliminated |
| Name 5 animals that are hind gut fermenters | horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and swine |
| What makes hind gut fermentation so successful? | Modifications to the cecum and colon allow fermentative digestion in hindgut similar to rumen |
| What is the muscle layer composed of? | two layers of muscle fibers, one that is circular and one that is longitudinal |
| What is enterogastric reflex | Dissension of the intestines OR increased acidity in the duodenum which inhibits stomach contraction , delaying gastric emptying |
| What cells secrete pepsinogen? | chief cells |
| What makes up pepsin? | pepsinogen and Hydrochloric acid |
| What secrete intrinsic factor? | glands in the submucosa |
| What is HGE? | Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis - the acute onset of bloody diarrhea |
| What is a GI ulcer? | Breakdown in mucosal barrier due to increased HCl production or pepsin production |
| What are the structures of the small i intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| The small intestine mucosa is made up of what? | many folds and fingerlike villi |
| Each villus contains what? | thousands of microvilli |
| What are the crypts? | invaginations of mucosa around each villus |
| What is the function of the small intestine? | absorption of electrolytes across SI wall, Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are chemically digested |
| Chemical digestion (SI) involves 2 things, what are they? | 1. ENZYMES IN THE LUMEN 2. ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MICROVILLI |
| Carbohydrate digestion in the SI includes what? | Amylase converts starches into disaccharides in the lumen of duodenum , enzymes in microvilli further break disaccharides into monosaccharides which are transported across cell membrane of microvilli and absorbed into the bloodstream |
| Protein digestion in the small intestine begins with..... | Gastric pepsin breaks apart some protein chains into polypeptides |
| Partially digested peptides are further digested by what in the microvilli? | peptidases, aminoacides, dipeptides and some tripeptides are then absorbed across the cell membrane |
| What makes up bile? | bile acids or bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin |
| What is the function of the cecum? | site of fermentation |
| What is megacolon? | an abnormally dilated colon or segment of colon |
| What is the primary cause of megacolon? | congenital nerve defects such as short tailed cats, ex. Manx |
| What is the secondary cause of megacolon? | any disease that abstracts the normal passage of feces is chronic constipation |
| What is the largest GLAND in the body | liver |
| What are the functional part of the liver? | hepatic lobules |
| What is the function of the biliary tree? | carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder |
| What does the portal vein do? | carries blood to the liver |
| What does the hepatic vein do? | carries filtered blood to the caudal vena cava |
| What are the digestive functions of the liver? | Produces bile, removes toxins and infectious agents that enter the body through the wall of the GI tract, stores and metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the GI tract |
| What causes gallbladder contraction? | CCK- Cholecystokinin |
| What is hepatic lipidosis? | fatty liver disease - a severe accumulation of fat int he liver |
| What are the functions of the pancreas? | endocrine and eccrine gland, helps regulate glucose levels by producing insulin and glucagon. the primary organ supplying digestive enzymes, |
| What are the 4 secretions the pancreas is responsible for? | sodium bicarbonate trips, amylase, lipase |
| What is pancreatic insufficiency disease? | A deficiency of pancreatic enzymes (amylase & lipase) |
| Is PID more common in cats or dogs? | Dogs |
| What are the signs of PID? | Marked weight loss, and a fatty rancid stool |
| How is PID treated? | replacement enzymes such as viokase powder at each meal |
| What are the 4 primary function of the lymphatic system? | removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, protein transport |
| What is lymph? | formed interstially and from excess fluid from blood vessels |
| What does lymph fluid look like? | transparent |
| What is lymph fluid made up of? | blood cells (mostly lymphocytes), nutrients(proteins, fat, etc...) hormones, some T-cells( circulate from blood, to interstitial fluid to lymph and back to blood), B-cells(rarely recirculate) |
| What are lymph vessels? | blind ended tubes running parallel to venous system, empties into cranial vena cava. vessels similar to veins but walls are thinner and have more valves, |
| lymph filters through what? | lymph nodes |
| What are lymph nodes? | oval shaped, capsulated structures having ducts for lymph to enter and leave , and produce lymphocytes |
| What are tonsils? | mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membranes in peripheral locations not on lymph vessels, no capsule, no ducts |
| What is the function of the spleen? | blood storage in the red pulp, removal of foreign material from circulation by the tissue macrophages in the red pulp, removal of dead, dying, or abnormal red blood cells by the tissue macrophages in red pulp, lymphocyte cloning during an immune response |
| What is the spleen made up of? | reticular fibers ( connective tissue) |
| Spleen in divided into what? | white pulp and red pulp |
| What is white pulp? | localized areas of lymphoid tissue |
| What is red pulp? | blood vessels, tissue, macrophages, and blood sinuses (storage) |
Created by:
Adeprey4311
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