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VTT A&P
Muscles and bones quiz 2 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the muscles? | Movement, posture, heat production |
| Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? | Voluntary (requires a nerve supple) |
| Is skeletal muscle striated? | yes (cross striations) |
| How many nuclei do skeletal muscle cells contain?? | Multi nucleated, can have up to 100 |
| Describe the shape of skeletal muscle cells | Thin, thread like, running parallel to each other |
| Each muscle fiber consists of what? | many myofibrils of actin and myosin myofilaments |
| By what means do the muscle fibers contract? | the actin and myosin myofilaments slide past each other |
| What provides the energy needed for a muscle contraction to occur? | ATP Adenosine triphosphate |
| What is the all or none principle? | States that muscle fibers will contract completely or not at all |
| Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary ( influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, not required to function |
| How many nuclei are presenet in a cardiac muscle cell? | single nucleus |
| Describe the shape of cardiac muscle | single, shorter, multi-branched cells |
| The cells of cardiac muscle are joined together by what? What function do they serve? | intercalated disks, aid in conducting nerve impulse from cell to cell |
| Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary |
| How many nuclei are present in smooth muscle cells? | single nucleus |
| Does smooth muscle have cross striations?? | no |
| Describe the shape of smooth muscle cells | spindle shaped |
| Where will you fine visceral smooth muscle? | Digestive tract |
| Where will you find multi-unit smooth muscle? | Iris of the eye, small blood vessels, lungs |
| Aponeuroses | sheets of fibrous connective tissue |
| What is the origin of the muscle? | the more stable of a muscles attachment sites |
| What is the insertion of a muscle? | Site that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts |
| What is the belly of the muscle? | The thick central portion of the muscle |
| What is a prime mover? | A muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desired movement |
| What is an antagonist? | A muscle or muscle groupthat directly opposes the action of a prime mover |
| What is a synergist? | A muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover, and assists in carrying out its action |
| What is a fixator? | Muscles that stabilize joints to allow other movements to take place |
| What is a thin broad superficial muscle found in the fascia just below the skin? | Cutaneous muscle |
| What is the function of cutaneous muscles? | to twitch the skin |
| Do the cutaneous muscles attach to bones?? | little to no attachment to the bones |
| What are the functions of the head an neck muscles? | control facial expressions, enable mastication, move the eyes and ears, support the head, allow the head and neck to flex, extend, and move laterally |
| What does the masseter muscle do? | closes the jaw |
| What do the splenius and trapezius muscles do? | extend the head and neck |
| What does the brachiocephalicus muscle do? | extends the head and neck, also pulls the front leg forward |
| What does the sternocephalicus muscle do? | flexes the head and neck |
| What are the functions of the abdominal muscles? | Support abdominal organs, help flex the back, aid is activities which involve straining, play a role in respiration |
| What are the layers of the abdominal muscles? | external abdominal oblique muscles, internal abdominal oblique muscles, rectus abdominis muscle, transverse abdominis muscle |
| What is another name for the linea alba? | White line |
| What are the 3 divisions of the skeletal system? | Axial, appendicular, visceral |
| What are the functions of bone? | Support, Protection, Leverage, Storage, Blood cell formation |
| What are the 2 types of bone? | Cancellous (spongy) & Compact |
| What is cancellous bone composed of? | Tiny spicules of bone that appear randomly arranged. What occupies the space between the spicules? BONE MARROW |
| Compact bone is made up of what? | Haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone |
| What do Haversian systems consist of?? | concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal which allows blood and lymph vessels & nerves to run lengthwise with the bone |
| What is the periosteum? | Thin fibrous skin like layer surrounding the long area of bones |
| What does the periosteum contain? | Osteoblasts |
| What are the Volkmanns Canals? | Tiny canals running through the bone matrix, connecting blood vessels from the periosteum to the Haversian canals |
| What are the Haversian canals? | The center canal that runs lengthwise in bones containing blood and lymph vessels and nerves that supply nutrients to the bone |
| What is the endosteum? | fibrous membrane that lines the hollow interiors of bones. |
| What does the endosteum contain? | Osteoblasts |
| What is the nutrient foramina? | Large channels in large bones which allow large blood vessels to pass carrying blood to and from the blood marrow |
| What is the lacunae | Small crevices that form the matrix |
| What is contained in the lacunae?? | Osteocytes and chondrocytes |
| What are the canaliculi? | The connection points between developing bone cells |
| Define Osteoblast | cells that create new bone |
| Define Osteocytes | Mature bone cells found in the lacunae (spaces) of ossified bone matrix |
| Define Osteoclast | Large multi nucleated cells of bone, they break down and smooth out bone. They are the macrophages of the bone, they "eat" remove/remodel the bone |
| How does a bone cell function? | Osteoblast secretes a soft matrix of soft protein and carbs which hardens due to infiltration of Ca&Phosphates? Osteoblasts are trapped in the hardened matrix (canalculi) and now serves as an osteocyte, the new function is blood production. |
| The contents of the bone include what 3 things? | medullary cavity, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow |
| What is the medullary cavity? | The center of long bones with storage space |
| What is the function of red bone marrow? | it is a hematopoietic tissue which function to produce red blood cells |
| What is the function of yellow bone marrow? | it is an adipose connective tissue which functions to form fat tissue. it does NOT produce blood cells but can revert back to red bone marrow if needed |
| What are the 2 types of bone formation? | endochondral & intramembranous |
| Endochondral bone formation begins with what? | a cartilage template that develops within the embryo, this cartilage is replaced by what? Osteoblasts |
| After osteoblasts replace the embryonic cartilage, how is the marrow cavity formed? | Osteoclasts remove bone from the diaphysis to form the bone medullary cavity |
| The narrow band of cartilage that remains after the bone has formed is called what? | growth plate |
| What is the function of the growth plate? | to allow the bone to grow and lengthen |
| What is the primary growth center of endochondral bone formation? | Bone develops at the diaphysis as embryonic cartilage rods are gradually removed and bone is created |
| What is the secondary growth center of endochondral bone formation? | bone develops in the epiphysis of the bone |
| Where are the epiphyseal plates located? | between the diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones This is also known as the growth plate |
| What is the "head" of bones? | A somewhat spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone. |
| What is a facet? | A flat articular surface - the joint movement between two facets is a somewhat rocking motion |
| What is a process? | The lumps, bumps, & projections of a bone |
| What is a fossa? | A depression or a sunken area on the surface of a bone |
| What is a foramen? | A hole in the bone |
| What are the bones of the axial skeleton? | those of the head and trunk |
| What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton? | Those of the thoracic and pelvic limbs |
| What are the bones of the visceral skeleton? | Bones formed in the viscera or soft organs such as the os penis, os cordis, and os rostri |
| What animals have an os penis? | Dog, walrus, raccoon, and beavers |
| What animals have an os rostri? | swine - it's in their nose |
| What animals have an os cordis? | Cattle & sheep, it's in their heart |
| What does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate |
| What are the A-bands composed of? | myosin |
| What are the I-bands composed of? | actin |
| What divides the I-band? | Z-line |
| In a muscle contraction which gets smaller the I-band or the A-band? | I-band |
| What are the 4 types of synovial joints? | Hinge, gliding, pivot, ball & socket |
| What are the 6 types of synovial joint movement? | Abduction/Adduction, flexion/extension, rotational/circumduction |
| What is the most common Cruciate ligament injury? | Canine Cruciate Rupture - most common in the REAR |
| What are the clinical signs of Canine Cruciate Rupture? | difficulty rising from a sit, trouble jumping, decreased activity, lameness, muscle atrophy, decreased range of motion of the knee joint,a popping noise, swelling on the inside of the shin bone, pain, stiffness |
| What are the clinical signs of Hip Dysplasia? | Bunny hopping, reluctance or difficulty rising or jumping |
| What are the treatment options for Canine Cruciate Ruptures? | Exercise restriction, weight loss, anti-inflammatory drugs, Surgery (TPLO-Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy or TTA-Tibial Tuberosity Advancement) |
| What are the treatment options for Hip Dysplasia? | Anti-inflammatory drugs, Glucosamine, Surgery (FHO-Femoral Head Ostectomy, TPO-Triple Pelvic osteotomy, or THR-Total Hip Replacement) |
| What is the Chemistry of a Contraction? | Nerve Impulse -> Acetylcholine release -> Ca release -> ATP converts to ADP -> Energy release -> Power stroke -> ADP uses CP to convert back to ATP -> CP recharges ATP -> ATP helps pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic Reticulum -> muscle fiber relaxes |
| What is Catabolism? | The breakdown of nutrient molecules to produce ATP and CP |
| Which type of exercise is used when oxygen demand exceeds the supply? | Anaerobic |
| Which type of exercise is results in the maximum amount of energy being extracted from each glucose molecule? | Aerobic |
| Which type of exercise results in lactic acid? | Anaerobic |
| Which type of exercise is more efficient? | Aerobic |
| What converts the lactic acid back into glucose? | The liver |
| What are the causes of Hip dysplasia? | Genetics, Diet |
| What age can Hip Dysplasia be detected at? | 18 mos, at 2 years OFA(orthopedic foundation for animals) radiographs are taken |
| What are the joint classifications | Diathrosis/synovial, Fiberous/Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis/cartilaginous |
| What is Oxygen stored as? | Myglobin |
| What is glucose stored as? | glucogon |
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Adeprey4311
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