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DU PA Epilepsy
Duke PA Epilepsy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| seizures result from abnormal __ | brain electrical activity |
| seizures are a common sign of __ | brain disfunction |
| not all seizures imply __ | epilepsy |
| seizures can result from a reaction of the brain to physiologic stress such as __ | sleep deprivation, fever, and withdrawal from alcohol or sedative drugs |
| in developed countries __% of all persons have recurrent seizures at some time during their lives | 2-4 |
| the incidence of seizure is highest among __ | children, older adults, men, those in the inner city and in developing nations |
| a seizure that involves the cerebral cortex diffusely from the beginning | generalized seizure |
| a seizure with onset limited to part of the cerebral hemisphere | focal seizure |
| the two types of seizure | generalized, focal (partial) |
| rhythmic jerking movements | clonic |
| stiffening | tonic |
| simple partial seizures with motor signs begin with __ movements of a discrete body part | tonic or clonic |
| because of their large cortical representation, muscles of the __ are often involved in simple partial seizures | face and hand |
| __ may be followed by a transient neurologic abnormality reflecting postictal depression of the epileptogenic cortical area | simple partial seizures |
| the reversible neurologic deficits following a simple partial seizure are referred to as __ and rarely last for more than 48 hours | Todd's paralysis |
| __ impair consciousness and produce unresponsiveness | complex partial seizures |
| 70-80% of complex partial seizures arise from the __ | temporal lobe |
| many times simple focal seizures will progress to __ | complex partial seizures |
| complex partial seizures preceded by an olfactory aura are referred to as __ | uncinate fits |
| __ involve both cerebral hemispheres simultaneously from the outset | generalized seizures |
| __ are characterized by abrupt loss of consciouseness with bilateral tonic extension of the trunk and limbs, often accompanied by a loud vocalization, followed by bilaterally synchronous muscle jerking | generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal convulsions) |
| following a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, a __ phase is marked by transient deep stupor, followed in 15-30 minutes by a lethargic, confused state with automatic behavior | postictal |
| __ occur mainly in children and are characterized by sudden, momentary lapses in awareness, staring, rhythmic blinking, and , often, a few small clonic jerks of the arms or hands | absence seizure (petit mal seizure) |
| most abscence seizures last less than __ seconds | 10 |
| most generalized tonic-clonic seizures last less than __ seconds | 90 |
| __ exhibit as rapid, recurrent, brief muscle jerks that can occur bilaterally, synchronously or asynchronously, or unilaterally without loss of consciousness | myoclonic seizures |
| myoclonic seizures tend to cluster shortly after __ | walking or while falling asleep |
| __ occur most often in children with diffuse encephalopathies and a re characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone that may result in falls with self injury. | atonic seizures (drop attacks) |
| __ are attacks precipitated by a specific stimulus such as touch, a musical tone, a particular movement, reading, stroboscopic light patterns, or complex visual images | reflex seizures |
| __ is the most common cause of convulsion in children | fever |
| most febrile seizures occur between the ages of 6 months and __ years | 4 |
| most childre affected with __ have no long-term consequences, although they are more at risk of developing epilepsy later in life | febrile seizures |
| __ is the most common epileptic syndrome of adults | temporal lobe epilepsy |
| virtually all patients with __ have complex partial seizures, some of which secondarily generalize | temporal lobe epilepsy |
| post traumatic epilepsy usually occurs within __ years of injury, although new-onset seizures may occur later | 1-2 |
| __ do not increase the risk of seizure | mild head injuries (no loss of consciousness, no skull fracture, absence of focal neurological signs, and not contusion ro hematoma) |
| __ is the most important diagnostic test for epilepsy | EEG |
| __ rarely offer diagnostic assistance in otherwise healthy patients with epilepsy | routine blood tests |
| __ should be ontained in all patients over the age of 18 who are suspected of having epilepsy | MRI |
| __ refers to the symptom complex that results when a transient, global reduction in cerebral perfusion occurs. Often mislabled as seizure. | syncope |
| the location of the original group of synchronously firing neurons | focus |
| definition of seizure | paroxysmal, excessive, synchronous discharge of a group of neurons |
| definition of epilepsy | documented history of two or more seizures that are not temporally related to an obvious metabolic or febrile cause |
| electrical discharge begins in a small region | partial seizure |
| focal seizure with no alteration of consciousness | simple partial seizure |
| focal seizure with altered consciousness | complex partial seizure |
| electrical discharge simultaneously at all EEG electrodes on the scalp | generalized seizure |
| partial seizures represent __ | focal brain disease |
| parial seizures may __ and are often confused with generalized seizures | secondarily generalize |
| Brief (5-10 seconds), recurrent episodes of staring sometimes associated with minor motor automatisms. Patients have no memory of the spells, but are normal immediately at completion | absence (petit mal) |
| EEG pattern for absence seizures, 3 second spike and wave, can be be induced by __ | hyperventilation |
| brief, lightning-like jerking movements of the extremities or trunk associated with a paroxysmal EEG abnormality. | myoclonic seizures |
| nocturnal __ is not epileptic in nature | myoclonus |
| almost exclusively in childhood. Begin with impaired consciousness, followed by asymmetric bilateral jerking. | clonic seizures |
| sudden loss of muscle tone that may cause a standing pt to fall. This may be as mild as nodding of the head or sagging at the knees, or as severe as total loss of body tone. Last 1 to 4 seconds and there is no detectable loss of consciousness. | atonic seizures |
| the most common seizure type | complex partial seizures |
| people with __ bite the tips of their tongues | pseudoseizures (psychogenic seizures) |
| common causes of provoked seizures | sleep deprivation, excessive use of stimulants, withdrawal from sedatives or alcohol, substance abuse, high fever (childhood), hypoxia, hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbance |
| first test to do just after a patient has a seizure | blood glucose |
| conditions that can be mistaken for a seizure | syncope, non-epileptic spells of psychogenic origin (pseudoseizures), breath holding spells, REM sleep behavior, panic attack |
| prolonged or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness | status epilepticus |
| continuous simple seizures are also known as __ | epilepsia partialis continua |
| predictors of future epilepsy in the scenario of febrile seizures | multiple seizures during one illness, focal seizures, abnormal neurologic exam or delayed development |
| best treatment for febrile seizures is __ | prevention with antipyretics |
| alcohol withdrawal seizures usually occur __ hours after the last intake of alcohol | 6-48 |
| long term treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures | cessation of alcohol intake |
| who to treat after a single seizure | patients with a structural lesion, or recognized abnormal EEG pattern |
| who not to treat (probably) after a single seizure | Patients without structural or EEG abnormality; Alcohol withdrawal, Drug abuse; Provoked seizure; Single seizure after head injury without structural abnormality |
| risk of recurrence after a single unprovoked seizure is about __% in 5 years | 30 |
Created by:
bwyche
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